Network capacity management

ABSTRACT

An example embodiment may involve flying, by an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), to a geographical location, where a wireless router is at the geographical location. The example embodiment may also involve detecting, by the UAV, a wireless coverage area defined by the wireless router. The example embodiment may also involve accessing, by the UAV, the wireless coverage area using a network identifier and a password. The example embodiment may also involve establishing, by the UAV, a backhaul link to a data network. The example embodiment may also involve transmitting, by the UAV, a notification to a client device served by the wireless coverage area, where the notification indicates that the UAV is a default gateway for the wireless coverage area. The example embodiment may also involve exchanging, by the UAV, data transmissions between (i) the client device, and (ii) one or more other devices accessible via the data network.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of and claims priority to U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 16/100,837, filed Aug. 10, 2018, which is herebyincorporated by reference in its entirety.

U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/100,837 is a continuation of andclaims priority to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/915,547, filedMar. 8, 2018, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/915,547 is a continuation of andclaims priority to U.S. Pat. No. 9,948,380, issued Apr. 17, 2018, whichis hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

U.S. Pat. No. 9,948,380 claims priority to U.S. provisional patentapplication Nos. 62/315,128, filed Mar. 30, 2016, and 62/325,080, filedApr. 20, 2016, which are hereby incorporated by reference in theirentirety.

BACKGROUND

Current network infrastructure design is based on the assumption thatdevices may be fixed or mobile, but the equipment that provides wirelessservices to these devices (e.g., routers, cable modem terminationsystems, digital subscriber line access multiplexers, or wireless basestations) are generally fixed. Thus, there is an inherent maximum amountof network capacity (measured in upstream and/or downstream bits persecond) available to the devices. Further, some devices may besubscribed to a wireless service provider according to a plan thatsupports a maximum upstream and/or downstream rate that is capped atless than this inherent maximum amount.

Nonetheless, data transmissions are often bursty—a device may use up to100% of its available capacity for a short period of time, but otherwiseremain relatively idle. As a consequence, the device is not able toobtain full utilization of its network capacity. Indeed, many networkservice providers overprovision their subscribers, resulting in much oftheir network capacity being used inefficiently. Nonetheless, in somecases, the device would benefit from more capacity than is available.

SUMMARY

One possible way of improving the efficiency of how network capacity isprovided to devices is through the use of unmanned vehicles that serveas backhaul relays between these devices and other networks such as theInternet.

An unmanned vehicle, which may also be referred to as an autonomousvehicle, is a vehicle capable of travel without a physically-presenthuman operator in the vehicle. An unmanned vehicle may operate in aremote-control mode, in an autonomous mode, or in a partially autonomousmode.

When an unmanned vehicle operates in a remote-control mode, a pilot ordriver that is at a remote location can control the unmanned vehiclewith commands that are sent to the unmanned vehicle via a wireless link.Alternatively, the pilot or driver may be near the unmanned vehicle(e.g., next to or below it). When the unmanned vehicle operates inautonomous mode, the unmanned vehicle typically moves based onpre-programmed navigation waypoints, dynamic automation systems, or acombination of both. Further, some unmanned vehicles can operate in botha remote-control mode and an autonomous mode, and in some instances maydo so simultaneously. For instance, a remote pilot or driver may wish toleave navigation to an autonomous system while manually performinganother task, such as operating a mechanical system for picking upobjects.

Various types of unmanned vehicles exist for various differentenvironments. For instance, unmanned vehicles exist for operation in theair, on the ground, underwater, and in space. Examples includequad-copter and tail-sitter unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), amongothers. Unmanned vehicles also exist for hybrid operations in whichmulti-environment operation is possible. Examples of hybrid unmannedvehicles include an amphibious craft that is capable of operation onland as well as on water or a floatplane that is capable of landing onwater as well as on land. Other examples are also possible.

The embodiments herein are generally focused on using autonomous UAVs toprovide on-demand information transfer capacity to one or more devices.Nonetheless, other types of unmanned vehicles, such as unmannedwater-based vehicles, may be used instead.

Accordingly, a first example embodiment may involve receiving a requestto provide UAV based wireless coverage to a particular geographicallocation. Possibly in response to the request, a UAV may fly to theparticular geographical location. A first wireless interface of the UAVmay define a wireless coverage area that covers at least part of theparticular geographical location. A second wireless interface of the UAVmay define a wireless backhaul link to a data network. The UAV mayprovide wireless data transfer services to at least one client device inthe particular geographical location. The wireless data transferservices may allow the client device to exchange data communication withthe data network via the UAV.

A second example embodiment may involve receiving, by a UAV controllerdevice, a request to provide UAV based wireless coverage to a particulargeographical location. Possibly in response to the request, the UAVcontroller device may cause: (i) a UAV to fly to the particulargeographical location, (ii) a first wireless interface of the UAV todefine a wireless coverage area that covers at least part of theparticular geographical location, (iii) a second wireless interface ofthe UAV to establish a wireless backhaul link to a data network, and(iv) the UAV to provide wireless data transfer services to at least oneclient device in the particular geographical location. The wireless datatransfer services may allow the client device to exchange datacommunication with the data network via the UAV.

A third example embodiment may involve receiving a request for wirelesscoverage at a particular geographical location. Possibly based on theparticular geographical location, a particular UAV may be selected tocarry out the request. The particular UAV may be instructed to fly tothe particular geographical location and provide the requested wirelesscoverage to one or more client devices.

A fourth example embodiment may involve flying, by a UAV, to aparticular geographical location. A wireless router may be at theparticular geographical location. The UAV may detect a wireless coveragearea defined by the wireless router. The UAV may access the wirelesscoverage area using a network identifier and a password. The UAV mayestablish a backhaul link to a data network. The UAV may transmit anotification to a client device served by the wireless coverage area,where the notification indicates that the UAV serves as a defaultgateway for the wireless coverage area. The UAV may exchanging datatransmissions between (i) the client device, and (ii) one or more otherdevices accessible via the data network.

A fifth example embodiment may involve flying, by a UAV, to a particulargeographical location. A wireless router may be at the particulargeographical location. The UAV may detect a wireless coverage areadefined by the wireless router. The UAV may access the wireless coveragearea using a network identifier and a password. The UAV may transmit anotification to a client device served by the wireless coverage area,where the notification indicates that the UAV has access to mediacontent requested by the client device. The UAV may download therequested media content to the client device. In this embodiment,backhaul to a data network is not required.

A sixth example embodiment may involve a UAV flying to a particulargeographical location. A wireless device may be at the particulargeographical location. The wireless device may define a first wirelesscoverage area and provide backhaul communication between the firstwireless coverage area and a data network. A first interface of the UAVmay access the first wireless coverage area. A second interface the UAVmay device a second wireless coverage area. The second wireless coveragearea may cover a client device that is not within range of the firstwireless coverage area. The UAV may exchange data transmissions between(i) the client device, and (ii) one or more other devices accessible viathe data network.

A seventh example embodiment may involve a UAV flying to a particulargeographical location. A wireless router may be at the particulargeographical location, and the wireless router may be providing, via afirst wireless network, a client device with connectivity to a datanetwork. The UAV may define a second wireless network. The UAV may alsotransmit a notification of the second wireless network to a serverdevice. Reception of the notification may cause the server device totransmit operational parameters of the second wireless network to theclient device. The UAV may exchange, via the second wireless network,data transmissions with the client device.

An eighth example embodiment may involve a UAV flying to a particulargeographical location. A client device may be in the vicinity of theparticular geographical location, and the client device may beconfigured to use a first cellular wireless coverage area to communicatewith a data network. The UAV may measure signal strengths of one or morecellular wireless coverage areas, including the first cellular wirelesscoverage area. The UAV may select a signal strength that is greater thanany of the measured signal strengths. The UAV may define a secondcellular wireless coverage area using the selected signal strength,which may cause the client device to be handed over from the firstcellular wireless coverage area to the second cellular wireless coveragearea. The UAV may exchange, via the second cellular wireless coveragearea, data transmissions with the client device.

A ninth example embodiment may involve receiving a request for deliveryof particular media content at a particular geographical location.Possibly based on the particular geographical location, a particular UAVfrom a plurality of UAVs may be selected to carry out the request. Theparticular UAV may be loaded with a portable storage device containingthe particular media content. A command may be transmitted to theparticular UAV. Reception of the command may cause the particular UAV tofly to the particular geographical location and deliver the portablestorage device.

In a tenth example embodiment, an article of manufacture may include anon-transitory computer-readable medium, having stored thereon programinstructions that, upon execution by a computing device or system, causethe computing device or system to perform operations in accordance withthe first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, and/orninth example embodiments.

In an eleventh example embodiment, a computing device or system mayinclude at least one processor, as well as data storage and programinstructions. The program instructions may be stored in the datastorage, and upon execution by the at least one processor may cause thecomputing device or system to perform operations in accordance with thefirst, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, and/orninth example embodiments.

In an twelfth example embodiment, a system may include various means forcarrying out each of the operations of the first, second, third, fourth,fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, and/or ninth example embodiments.

Each of the above embodiments may be combined with one another, or anyother aspects, features, or operations disclosed herein, in variousways. Thus, these embodiments may overlap with one another to someextent, or may be independent.

Regardless, these as well as other embodiments, aspects, advantages, andalternatives will become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the artby reading the following detailed description, with reference whereappropriate to the accompanying drawings. Further, it should beunderstood that this summary and other descriptions and figures providedherein are intended to illustrate embodiments by way of example onlyand, as such, that numerous variations are possible. For instance,structural elements and process steps can be rearranged, combined,distributed, eliminated, or otherwise changed, while remaining withinthe scope of the embodiments as claimed.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIGS. 1, 2, 3A, and 3B are simplified illustrations of UAVs, accordingto example embodiments.

FIG. 4 is a simplified block diagram illustrating a network of UAVs,according to example embodiments.

FIG. 5 is a simplified block diagram illustrating components of a UAV,according to example embodiments.

FIG. 6 is a simplified block diagram illustrating components of a UAVnest, according to example embodiments.

FIG. 7A depicts base stations each defining one or more wirelesscoverage areas, according to example embodiments.

FIG. 7B depicts a UAV defining one or more wireless coverage areas,according to example embodiments.

FIG. 7C depicts a UAV providing wireless services to a client device orlocation with wireless backhaul to a terrestrial base station, accordingto example embodiments.

FIG. 7D depicts a UAV providing wireless services to a client device orlocation with wireless backhaul to another aerial vehicle, according toexample embodiments.

FIG. 7E is a flow chart, according to example embodiments.

FIG. 7F is a flow chart, according to example embodiments.

FIG. 8 is a flow chart, according to example embodiments.

FIG. 9A is a message flow diagram, according to example embodiments.

FIG. 9B is a flow chart, according to example embodiments.

FIG. 9C is a flow chart, according to example embodiments.

FIG. 9D is a flow chart, according to example embodiments.

FIG. 10A is a message flow diagram, according to example embodiments.

FIG. 10B is a flow chart, according to example embodiments.

FIG. 11A is a message flow diagram, according to example embodiments.

FIG. 11B is a message flow diagram, according to example embodiments.

FIG. 11C is a flow chart, according to example embodiments.

FIG. 12 is a flow chart, according to example embodiments.

FIG. 13 is a block diagram of a computing device, according to exampleembodiments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Example methods, devices, and systems are described herein. It should beunderstood that the words “example” and “exemplary” are used herein tomean “serving as an example, instance, or illustration.” Any embodimentor feature described herein as being an “example” or “exemplary” is notnecessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over otherembodiments or features. Other embodiments can be utilized, and otherchanges can be made, without departing from the scope of the subjectmatter presented herein.

Thus, the example embodiments described herein are not meant to belimiting. Aspects of the present disclosure, as generally describedherein, and illustrated in the figures, can be arranged, substituted,combined, separated, and designed in a wide variety of differentconfigurations, all of which are contemplated herein.

Further, unless context suggests otherwise, the features illustrated ineach of the figures may be used in combination with one another. Thus,the figures should be generally viewed as component aspects of one ormore overall embodiments, with the understanding that not allillustrated features are necessary for each embodiment.

Additionally, any enumeration of elements, blocks, or steps in thisspecification or the claims is for purposes of clarity. Thus, suchenumeration should not be interpreted to require or imply that theseelements, blocks, or steps adhere to a particular arrangement or arecarried out in a particular order.

As used herein, the term “client device” may refer to a device that canbe served, directly or indirectly, by augmented data transfer providedfrom a UAV. A client device may be an end-user device, such as apersonal computer, smartphone, tablet computer, or wearable computingdevice, but need not be limited to such types of devices. For instance,a device that otherwise acts as a server device may be a client devicefor purposes of the embodiments herein. Similarly, a client device canbe an autonomous or semi-autonomous device that undertakes in little orno user interaction. In some embodiments, a client device might not havea wireless interface.

1. Example Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

Herein, the terms “unmanned aerial vehicle” and “UAV” refer to anyvehicle that is capable of performing some functions without aphysically-present human pilot. Examples of flight-related operationsmay include, but are not limited to, sensing its environment oroperating in the air without a need for input from an operator, amongothers.

A UAV may be autonomous or semi-autonomous. For instance, someoperations could be controlled by a remote human operator, while otheroperations are carried out autonomously. Further, a UAV may beconfigured to allow a remote operator to take over operations that canotherwise be controlled autonomously by the UAV. Yet further, a giventype of operation may be controlled remotely at one level of abstractionand performed autonomously at another level of abstraction. For example,a remote operator could control high-level navigation decisions for aUAV, such as by specifying that the UAV should travel from one locationto another (e.g., from the city hall in Palo Alto to the city hall inSan Francisco), while the UAV's navigation system autonomously controlsmore fine-grained navigation decisions, such as the specific route totake between the two locations, specific flight controls to achieve theroute and avoid obstacles while navigating the route, and so on. Otherexamples are also possible.

A UAV can be of various forms. For example, a UAV may take the form of arotorcraft such as a helicopter or multicopter, a fixed-wing aircraft, ajet aircraft, a ducted fan aircraft, a lighter-than-air dirigible suchas a blimp or steerable balloon, a tail-sitter aircraft, a glideraircraft, and/or an ornithopter, among other possibilities. Further, theterms “drone”, “unmanned aerial vehicle system” (“UAVS”), or “unmannedaerial system” (“UAS”) may also be used to refer to a UAV.

FIG. 1 is a simplified illustration of a UAV, according to an exampleembodiment. In particular, FIG. 1 shows an example of a rotorcraft 100that is commonly referred to as a multicopter. Multicopter 100 may alsobe referred to as a quadcopter, as it includes four rotors 110. Itshould be understood that example embodiments may involve rotorcraftwith more or less rotors than multicopter 100. For example, a helicoptertypically has two rotors. Other examples with three or more rotors arepossible as well. Herein, the term “multicopter” refers to anyrotorcraft having more than two rotors, and the term “helicopter” refersto rotorcraft having two rotors.

Referring to multicopter 100 in greater detail, the four rotors 110provide propulsion and maneuverability for the multicopter 100. Morespecifically, each rotor 110 includes blades that are attached to amotor 120. Configured as such, the rotors may allow the multicopter 100to take off and land vertically, to maneuver in any direction, and/or tohover. Furthermore, the pitch of the blades may be adjusted as a groupand/or differentially, and may allow a multicopter 100 to performthree-dimensional aerial maneuvers such as an upside-down hover, acontinuous tail-down “tic-toc,” loops, loops with pirouettes,stall-turns with pirouette, knife-edge, immelmann, slapper, andtraveling flips, among others. When the pitch of all blades is adjustedto perform such aerial maneuvering, this may be referred to as adjustingthe “collective pitch” of the multicopter 100. Blade-pitch adjustmentmay be particularly useful for rotorcraft with substantial inertia inthe rotors and/or drive train, but is not limited to such rotorcraft.

Additionally or alternatively, multicopter 100 may propel and maneuveritself by adjusting the rotation rate of the motors, collectively ordifferentially. This technique may be particularly useful for smallelectric rotorcraft with low inertia in the motors and/or rotor system,but is not limited to such rotorcraft.

Multicopter 100 also includes a central enclosure 130 with a hinged lid135. The central enclosure may contain, e.g., control electronics suchas an inertial measurement unit (IMU) and/or an electronic speedcontroller, batteries, other sensors, communication system(s) and/or apayload, among other possibilities.

The illustrative multicopter 100 also includes landing gear 140 toassist with controlled take-offs and landings. In other embodiments,multicopters and other types of UAVs without landing gear are alsopossible.

In a further aspect, multicopter 100 includes rotor protectors 150. Suchrotor protectors 150 can serve multiple purposes, such as protecting therotors 110 from damage if the multicopter 100 strays too close to anobject, protecting the multicopter 100 structure from damage, andprotecting nearby objects from being damaged by the rotors 110. Itshould be understood that in other embodiments, multicopters and othertypes of UAVs without rotor protectors are also possible. Further, rotorprotectors of different shapes, sizes, and function are possible,without departing from the scope of the invention.

A multicopter 100 may control the direction and/or speed of its movementby controlling its pitch, roll, yaw, and/or altitude. To do so,multicopter 100 may increase or decrease the speeds at which the rotors110 spin. For example, by maintaining a constant speed of three rotors110 and decreasing the speed of a fourth rotor, the multicopter 100 canroll right, roll left, pitch forward, or pitch backward, depending uponwhich motor has its speed decreased. Specifically, the multicopter mayroll in the direction of the motor with the decreased speed. As anotherexample, increasing or decreasing the speed of all rotors 110simultaneously can result in the multicopter 100 increasing ordecreasing its altitude, respectively. As yet another example,increasing or decreasing the speed of rotors 110 that are turning in thesame direction can result in the multicopter 100 performing a yaw-leftor yaw-right movement. These are but a few examples of the differenttypes of movement that can be accomplished by independently orcollectively adjusting the speed and/or the direction that rotors 110are spinning.

FIG. 2 is a simplified illustration of another UAV, according to anexample embodiment. In particular, FIG. 2 shows an example of atail-sitter UAV 200. In the illustrated example, tail-sitter UAV 200 hasfixed wings 202 to provide lift and allow the UAV to glide horizontally(e.g., along the x-axis, in a position that is approximatelyperpendicular to the position shown in FIG. 2). However, the fixed wings202 also allow the tail-sitter UAV 200 take off and land vertically onits own.

For example, at a launch site, tail-sitter UAV 200 may be positionedvertically (as shown) with fins 204 and/or wings 202 resting on theground and stabilizing the UAV in the vertical position. The tail-sitterUAV 200 may then take off by operating propellers 206 to generate theupward thrust (e.g., a thrust that is generally along the y-axis). Onceat a suitable altitude, the tail-sitter UAV 200 may use its flaps 208 toreorient itself in a horizontal position, such that the fuselage 210 iscloser to being aligned with the x-axis than the y-axis. Positionedhorizontally, the propellers 206 may provide forward thrust so that thetail-sitter UAV 200 can fly in a similar manner as a typical airplane.

Variations on the illustrated tail-sitter UAV 200 are possible. Forinstance, tail-sitters UAVs with more or less propellers, or thatutilize a ducted fan or multiple ducted fans, are also possible.Further, different wing configurations with more wings (e.g., an“x-wing” configuration with four wings), with less wings, or even withno wings, are also possible. More generally, it should be understoodthat other types of tail-sitter UAVs and variations on the illustratedtail-sitter UAV 200 are also possible.

As noted above, some embodiments may involve other types of UAVs, inaddition or in the alternative to multicopters. For instance, FIGS. 3Aand 3B are simplified illustrations of other types of UAVs, according toexample embodiments.

In particular, FIG. 3A shows an example of a fixed-wing aircraft 300,which may also be referred to as an airplane, an aeroplane, or simply aplane. A fixed-wing aircraft 300, as the name implies, has stationarywings 302 that generate lift based on the wing shape and the vehicle'sforward airspeed. This wing configuration is different from arotorcraft's configuration, which produces lift through rotating rotorsabout a fixed mast, and an ornithopter's configuration, which produceslift by flapping wings.

FIG. 3A depicts some common structures used in a fixed-wing aircraft300. In particular, fixed-wing aircraft 300 includes a fuselage 304, twohorizontal wings 302 with an airfoil-shaped cross section to produce anaerodynamic force, a vertical stabilizer 306 (or fin) to stabilize theplane's yaw (turn left or right), a horizontal stabilizer 308 (alsoreferred to as an elevator or tailplane) to stabilize pitch (tilt up ordown), landing gear 310, and a propulsion unit 312, which can include amotor, shaft, and propeller.

FIG. 3B shows an example of an aircraft 350 with a propeller in a pusherconfiguration. The term “pusher” refers to the fact that the propulsionunit 358 is mounted at the back of the aircraft and “pushes” the vehicleforward, in contrast to the propulsion unit being mounted at the frontof the aircraft. Similar to the description provided for FIG. 3A, FIG.3B depicts common structures used in the pusher plane: a fuselage 352,two horizontal wings 354, vertical stabilizers 356, and a propulsionunit 358, which can include a motor, shaft, and propeller.

UAVs can be launched in various ways, using various types of launchsystems (which may also be referred to as deployment systems). A verysimple way to launch a UAV is a hand launch. To perform a hand launch, auser holds a portion of the aircraft, preferably away from the spinningrotors, and throws the aircraft into the air while contemporaneouslythrottling the propulsion unit to generate lift.

Rather than using a hand launch procedure in which the person launchingthe vehicle is exposed to risk from the quickly spinning propellers, astationary or mobile launch station can be utilized. For instance, alaunch system can include supports, angled and inclined rails, and abackstop. The aircraft begins the launch system stationary on the angledand inclined rails and launches by sufficiently increasing the speed ofthe propeller to generate forward airspeed along the incline of thelaunch system. By the end of the angled and inclined rails, the aircraftcan have sufficient airspeed to generate lift. As another example, alaunch system may include a rail gun or cannon, either of which maylaunch a UAV by thrusting the UAV into flight. A launch system of thistype may launch a UAV quickly and/or may launch a UAV far towards theUAV's destination. Other types of launch systems may also be utilized.

In some cases, there may be no separate launch system for a UAV, as aUAV may be configured to launch itself. For example, a “tail-sitter” UAVtypically has fixed wings to provide lift and allow the UAV to glide,but also is configured to take off and land vertically on its own. Otherexamples of self-launching UAVs are also possible.

2. Example UAV Systems

UAV systems may be implemented in order to provide various services. Inparticular, UAVs may be provided at a number of different launch sites,which may be in communication with regional and/or central controlsystems. Such a distributed UAV system may allow UAVs to be quicklydeployed to provide services across a large geographic area (e.g., muchlarger than the flight range of any single UAV). For example, UAVscapable of carrying payloads or augmenting existing wireless servicesmay be distributed at a number of launch sites across a large geographicarea (possibly even throughout an entire country, or even worldwide), inorder to deliver various items to locations throughout the geographicarea. FIG. 4 is a simplified block diagram illustrating a distributedUAV system 400, according to an example embodiment.

In an illustrative UAV system 400, an access system 402 may allow forinteraction with, control of, and/or utilization of a network of UAVs404. In some embodiments, access system 402 may be a computing systemthat allows for human-controlled or automated dispatch of UAVs 404. Assuch, the control system may include or otherwise provide a userinterface (UI) via which a user can access, control, or monitor UAVs404.

Further, access system 402 may provide for remote operation of a UAV.For instance, access system 402 may allow an operator to control theflight of a UAV via the UI. As a specific example, an operator may usean access system to dispatch a UAV 404 to deliver a package or augmentedwireless capacity to a target location. The UAV 404 may thenautonomously navigate to the general area of the target location. Atthis point, the operator may use access system 402 to take over controlof the UAV 404, and navigate the UAV to the target location (e.g., tothe vicinity of one or more devices that may benefit from the augmentedwireless capacity or the package delivery). Other examples of remoteoperation of a UAV are also possible.

In an illustrative embodiment, UAVs 404 may take various forms. Forexample, each UAV 404 may be a UAV such as those illustrated in FIGS. 1,2, 3A, and 3B. However, UAV system 400 may also utilize other types ofUAVs. In some implementations, all UAVs 404 may be of the same or asimilar configuration. However, in other implementations, UAVs 404 mayinclude a number of different types of UAVs. For instance, UAVs 404 mayinclude a number of types of UAVs, with each type of UAV beingconfigured for a different type or types of deployment.

In a further aspect, UAV system 400 may include or have access to auser-account database 414. User-account database 414 may include datafor a number of user-accounts, and which are each associated with one ormore persons. For a given user-account, user-account database 414 mayinclude data related to or useful in providing UAV-related services.Typically, the user data associated with each user-account is optionallyprovided by an associated user and/or is collected with the associateduser's permission.

Further, in some embodiments, a person may have to register for auser-account with the UAV system 400 in order to use or be provided withUAV-related services by the UAVs 404 of UAV system 400. As such, theuser-account database 414 may include authorization information for agiven user-account (e.g., a user-name and password), and/or otherinformation that may be used to authorize access to a user-account.

In some embodiments, a person may associate one or more of their deviceswith their user-account, such that they can be provided with access tothe services of UAV system 400. For example, when a person uses anassociated mobile phone to, e.g., place a call to an operator of accesssystem 402 or send a message requesting a UAV-related service to adispatch system, the phone may be identified via a unique deviceidentification number, and the call or message may then be attributed tothe associated user-account. Other examples are also possible.

A device 406 may take various forms. Generally, a device 406 may be anydevice via which a direct or indirect request to dispatch a UAV can bemade. (Note that an indirect request may involve any communication thatmay be responded to by dispatching a UAV). In example embodiments,device 406 may be a mobile phone, tablet computer, laptop computer,personal computer, or any network-connected computing device. Further,in some instances, device 406 might not be a computing device. As anexample, a standard telephone, which allows for communication via plainold telephone service (POTS), may serve as device 406. Other types ofremote devices are also possible.

Further, device 406 may be configured to communicate with access system402 via one or more types of communication network(s). For example,device 406 could communicate with access system 402 (or via a humanoperator of the access system) by placing a phone call or transmittingdata over a POTS network, a cellular network, and/or a data network suchas the Internet. Other types of networks may also be utilized.

In some embodiments, device 406 may be configured to allow a user torequest data transfer capacity. For example, a user could request UAVdelivery of data (e.g., a flash drive, hard drive, memory card, etc.) totheir home via their mobile phone, tablet, or laptop. As anotherexample, a user could request augmented wireless service for device 406and/or other devices. To provide such dynamic delivery, a UAV system 400may receive location information (e.g., global positioning system (GPS)coordinates, etc.) from the user's mobile phone, or any other device onthe user's person, such that a UAV can navigate to the user's location(as indicated by their mobile phone).

As noted, device 406 may be configured to determine and/or provide anindication of its own location. For example, device 406 may include aGPS transceiver so that it can include GPS location information (e.g.,GPS coordinates) in a communication to an access system 402 and/or to adispatch system such as central dispatch system 408. As another example,device 406 may use a technique that involves triangulation (e.g.,between base stations in a cellular network) to determine its location.Alternatively, another system such as a cellular network may use atechnique that involves triangulation to determine the location of aremote device 406, and then send a location message to the device 406 toinform the remote device of its location. In yet another alternative,device 406 may be associated with a fixed location (e.g., the home of auser of device 406), and this fixed location may be looked up viauser-account database 414. Other location-determination techniques arealso possible.

In an illustrative arrangement, central dispatch system 408 may be aserver or group of servers, configured to receive dispatch messagesrequests and/or dispatch instructions from access system 402. Suchdispatch messages may request or instruct the central dispatch system408 to coordinate the deployment of UAVs to various target locations. Acentral dispatch system 408 may be further configured to route suchrequests or instructions to local dispatch systems 410. To provide suchfunctionality, central dispatch system 408 may communicate with accesssystem 402 via a data network, such as the Internet or a private networkthat is established for communications between access systems andautomated dispatch systems.

In the illustrated configuration, central dispatch system 408 may beconfigured to coordinate the dispatch of UAVs 404 from a number ofdifferent local dispatch systems 410. As such, central dispatch system408 may keep track of which UAVs 404 are located at which local dispatchsystems 410, which UAVs 404 are currently available for deployment,and/or which services or operations for which each of the UAVs 404 isconfigured (in the event that a UAV fleet includes multiple types ofUAVs configured for different services and/or operations). Additionallyor alternatively, each local dispatch system 410 may be configured totrack which of its associated UAVs 404 are currently available fordeployment and/or which services or operations each of its associatedUAVs is configured.

In some cases, when central dispatch system 408 receives a request forUAV-related service from an access system 402, central dispatch system408 may select a specific UAV 404 to dispatch. The central dispatchsystem 408 may accordingly instruct the local dispatch system 410 thatis associated with the selected UAV to dispatch the selected UAV. Thelocal dispatch system 410 may then operate its associated deploymentsystem 412 to launch the selected UAV. In other cases, a centraldispatch system 408 may forward a request for a UAV-related service to alocal dispatch system 410 that is near the location where the support isrequested, and leave the selection of a particular UAV 404 to the localdispatch system 410. In situations where the selected UAV is alreadyairborne and available to provide the requested service, centraldispatch system 408 may direct this UAV to navigate to the targetlocation and provide the service.

In an example configuration, a local dispatch system 410 may beimplemented in a computing system at the same location as the deploymentsystem or systems 412 that it controls. For example, in someembodiments, a local dispatch system 410 could be implemented by acomputing system at a building where the deployment systems 412 and UAVs404 that are associated with the particular local dispatch system 410are also located. In other embodiments, a local dispatch system 410could be implemented at a location that is remote to its associateddeployment systems 412 and UAVs 404.

Numerous variations on and alternatives to the illustrated configurationof UAV system 400 are possible. For example, in some embodiments, a userof a remote device 406 could request service directly from a centraldispatch system 408. To do so, an application may be implemented on aremote device 406 that allows the user to provide information regardinga requested service, and generate and send a data message to requestthat the UAV system provide the service. In such an embodiment, centraldispatch system 408 may include automated functionality to handlerequests that are generated by such an application, evaluate suchrequests, and, if appropriate, coordinate with an appropriate localdispatch system 410 to deploy a UAV.

Further, in some implementations, some or all of the functionality thatis attributed herein to central dispatch system 408, local dispatchsystem(s) 410, access system 402, and/or deployment system(s) 412 couldbe combined in a single system, implemented in a more complex system,and/or redistributed among central dispatch system 408, local dispatchsystem(s) 410, access system 402, and/or deployment system(s) 412 invarious ways.

Yet further, while each local dispatch system 410 is shown as having twoassociated deployment systems, a given local dispatch system 410 mayhave more or less associated deployment systems. Similarly, whilecentral dispatch system 408 is shown as being in communication with twolocal dispatch systems 410, a central dispatch system may be incommunication with more or less local dispatch systems 410.

In a further aspect, a deployment system 412 may take various forms. Ingeneral, a deployment system may take the form of or include a systemfor physically launching a UAV 404. Such a launch system may includefeatures that allow for a human-assisted UAV launch and/or features thatprovide for an automated UAV launch. Further, a deployment system 412may be configured to launch one particular UAV 404, or to launchmultiple UAVs 404.

A deployment system 412 may further be configured to provide additionalfunctions, including for example, diagnostic-related functions such asverifying system functionality of the UAV, verifying functionality ofdevices that are housed within a UAV, and/or maintaining devices orother items that are housed in the UAV.

In some embodiments, the deployment systems 412 and their correspondingUAVs 404 (and possibly associated local dispatch systems 410) may bestrategically distributed throughout an area such as a city. Forexample, deployment systems 412 may be located on the roofs of certainprivate or municipal buildings which can thus serve as the dispatchlocations for UAVs 404. However, deployment systems 412 (and possiblythe local dispatch systems 410) may be distributed in other ways,depending upon the particular implementation.

3. Example Components of a UAV

FIG. 5 is a simplified block diagram illustrating components of a UAV500, according to an example embodiment. UAV 500 may take the form of orbe similar in form to one of the UAVs 100, 200, 300, and 350 shown inFIGS. 1, 2, 3A, and 3B. However, a UAV 500 may also take other forms.

UAV 500 may include various types of sensors, and may include acomputing system configured to provide the functionality describedherein. In the illustrated embodiment, the sensors of UAV 500 include aninertial measurement unit (IMU) 502, ultrasonic sensor(s) 504, GPS 506,imaging system(s) 508, among other possible sensors and sensing systems.

In the illustrated embodiment, UAV 500 also includes one or moreprocessors 510. A processor 510 may be a general-purpose processor or aspecial purpose processor (e.g., digital signal processors, applicationspecific integrated circuits, etc.). The one or more processors 510 canbe configured to execute computer-readable program instructions 514 thatare stored in the data storage 512 and are executable to provide theoperations of a UAV described herein.

The data storage 512 may include or take the form of one or morecomputer-readable storage media that can be read or accessed by at leastone processor 510. The one or more computer-readable storage media caninclude volatile and/or non-volatile storage components, such asoptical, magnetic, organic or other memory or disc storage, which can beintegrated in whole or in part with at least one of the one or moreprocessors 510. In some embodiments, the data storage 512 can beimplemented using a single physical device (e.g., one optical, magnetic,organic or other memory or disc storage unit), while in otherembodiments, the data storage 512 can be implemented using two or morephysical devices.

As noted, the data storage 512 can include computer-readable programinstructions 514 and perhaps additional data, such as diagnostic data ofthe UAV 500. As such, the data storage 514 may include programinstructions to perform or facilitate some or all of the UAV operationsdescribed herein. For instance, in the illustrated embodiment, programinstructions 514 include a navigation module 515 and one or more servicemodules 516.

A. Sensors

In an illustrative embodiment, IMU 502 may include both an accelerometerand a gyroscope, which may be used together to determine the orientationof the UAV 500. In particular, the accelerometer can measure theorientation of the vehicle with respect to the Earth, while thegyroscope measures the rate of rotation around an axis. IMUs arecommercially available in low-cost, low-power packages. For instance, anIMU 502 may take the form of or include a miniaturizedMicroElectroMechanical System (MEMS) or a NanoElectroMechanical System(NEMS). Other types of IMUs may also be utilized.

An IMU 502 may include other sensors, in addition to accelerometers andgyroscopes, which may help to better determine position and/or help toincrease autonomy of UAV 500. Two examples of such sensors aremagnetometers and pressure sensors. Other examples are also possible.(Note that a UAV could also include such additional sensors as separatecomponents from an IMU.)

While an accelerometer and gyroscope may be effective at determining theorientation of the UAV 500, slight errors in measurement may compoundover time and result in a more significant error. However, an exampleUAV 500 may be able mitigate or reduce such errors by using amagnetometer to measure direction. One example of a magnetometer is alow-power, digital 3-axis magnetometer, which can be used to realize anorientation independent electronic compass for accurate headinginformation. However, other types of magnetometers may be utilized aswell.

UAV 500 may also include a pressure sensor or barometer, which can beused to determine the altitude of the UAV 500. Alternatively, othersensors, such as sonic altimeters or radar altimeters, can be used toprovide an indication of altitude, which may help to improve theaccuracy of and/or prevent drift of an IMU.

In a further aspect, UAV 500 may include one or more sensors that allowthe UAV to sense objects in the environment. For instance, in theillustrated embodiment, UAV 500 includes ultrasonic sensor(s) 504.Ultrasonic sensor(s) 504 can determine the distance to an object bygenerating sound waves and determining the time interval betweentransmission of the wave and receiving the corresponding echo off anobject. A typical application of an ultrasonic sensor for unmannedvehicles or IMUs is low-level altitude control and obstacle avoidance.An ultrasonic sensor can also be used for vehicles that need to hover ata certain height or need to be capable of detecting obstacles. Othersystems can be used to determine, sense the presence of, and/ordetermine the distance to nearby objects, such as a light detection andranging (LIDAR) system, laser detection and ranging (LADAR) system, aninfrared or forward-looking infrared (FLIR) system, and/or various typesof cameras, among other possibilities.

UAV 500 also includes a GPS receiver 506. The GPS receiver 506 may beconfigured to provide data that is typical of GPS systems, such as theGPS coordinates of the UAV 500. Such GPS data may be utilized by the UAV500 for various functions. As such, the UAV may use its GPS receiver 506to help navigate a particular location, as indicated, at least in part,by the GPS coordinates of a device. Other examples are also possible.

UAV 500 may also include one or more imaging system(s) 508. For example,one or more still and/or video cameras may be utilized by a UAV 500 tocapture image data from the UAV's environment. As a specific example,charge-coupled device (CCD) cameras or complementarymetal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) cameras can be used with unmannedvehicles. Such imaging sensor(s) have numerous possible applications,such as obstacle avoidance, localization techniques, ground tracking formore accurate navigation (e.g., by applying optical flow techniques toimages), video feedback, and/or image recognition and processing, amongother possibilities.

In a further aspect, UAV 500 may use imaging system 508 to help indetermining location. For example, UAV 500 may capture imagery of itsenvironment and compare it to what it expects to see in its environmentgiven current estimated position (e.g., its current GPS coordinates),and refine its estimate of its position based on this comparison.

In a further aspect, UAV 500 may include one or more microphones. Suchmicrophones may be configured to capture sound from the UAVsenvironment.

B. Navigation and Location Determination

The navigation module 515 may provide functionality that allows the UAV500 to, e.g., move about in its environment and reach a desiredlocation. To do so, the navigation module 515 may control the altitudeand/or direction of flight by controlling the mechanical features of theUAV that affect flight (e.g., rotors 110 of UAV 100).

In order to navigate the UAV 500 to a target location, a navigationmodule 515 may implement various navigation techniques, such asmap-based navigation and localization-based navigation, for instance.With map-based navigation, the UAV 500 may be provided with a map of itsenvironment, which may then be used to navigate to a particular locationon the map. With localization-based navigation, the UAV 500 may becapable of navigating in an unknown environment using localization.Localization-based navigation may involve a UAV 500 building its own mapof its environment and calculating its position within the map and/orthe position of objects in the environment. For example, as a UAV 500moves throughout its environment, the UAV 500 may continuously uselocalization to update its map of the environment. This continuousmapping process may be referred to as simultaneous localization andmapping (SLAM). Other navigation techniques may also be utilized.

In some embodiments, the navigation module 515 may navigate using atechnique that relies on waypoints. In particular, waypoints are sets ofcoordinates that identify points in physical space. For instance, anair-navigation waypoint may be defined by a certain latitude, longitude,and altitude. Accordingly, navigation module 515 may cause UAV 500 tomove from waypoint to waypoint, in order to ultimately travel to a finaldestination (e.g., a final waypoint in a sequence of waypoints).

For example, a UAV 500 may navigate using waypoints to the general areaof a device to which service is to be provided. Such waypoints may bepre-determined based on GPS coordinates provided by a remote device atthe target delivery location. The UAV may then switch to a mode in whichit utilizes a localization process to locate and travel to a specificlocation of the device.

Various types of location-determination techniques may be used toaccomplish localization of a device once a UAV 500 has navigated to thegeneral area of the device. For instance, a UAV 500 may be equipped withone or more sensory systems, such as, for example, imaging system(s)508, a directional microphone array (not shown), ultrasonic sensors 504,infrared sensors (not shown), and/or other sensors, which may provideinput that the navigation module 515 utilizes to navigate autonomouslyor semi-autonomously to the specific location of a device.

As another example, once the UAV 500 reaches the general area of atarget location (or of a moving subject such as a person or their mobiledevice), the UAV 500 may switch to a “fly-by-wire” mode where it iscontrolled, at least in part, by a remote operator, who can navigate theUAV 500 to the target location. To this end, sensory data from the UAV500 may be sent to the remote operator to assist them in navigating theUAV to the specific location. For example, the UAV 500 may stream avideo feed or a sequence of still images from the UAV's imagingsystem(s) 508. Other examples are possible.

In some embodiments, once a UAV 500 arrives at the general area of adevice that requested service, the UAV may utilize a beacon from thedevice to locate the device. Such a beacon may take various forms. As anexample, consider the scenario where a remote device, such as the mobilephone of a person who requested a UAV delivery, is able to send outdirectional signals (e.g., an RF signal, a light signal and/or an audiosignal). In this scenario, the UAV may be configured to navigate by“sourcing” such directional signals—in other words, by determining wherethe signal is strongest and navigating accordingly. As another example,a mobile device can emit an auditory frequency, either in the humanrange or outside the human range, and the UAV can listen for thatfrequency and navigate accordingly.

In an alternative arrangement, a navigation module may be implemented ata remote computing device, which communicates wirelessly with the UAV.The remote computing device may receive data indicating the operationalstate of the UAV, sensor data from the UAV that allows it to assess theenvironmental conditions being experienced by the UAV, and/or locationinformation for the UAV. Provided with such information, the remotecomputing device may determine altitudinal and/or directionaladjustments that should be made by the UAV and/or may determine how theUAV should adjust its mechanical features (e.g., rotors 110 of UAV 100)in order to effectuate such movements. The remote computing system maythen communicate such adjustments to the UAV, so that the UAV can movein the determined manner.

C. Communication Systems

In a further aspect, UAV 500 includes one or more communication systems520. The communication systems 520 may include one or more wirelessinterfaces and/or one or more wireline interfaces, which allow UAV 500to communicate via one or more networks. Such wireless interfaces mayprovide for communication under one or more wireless communicationprotocols, such as Bluetooth, Wifi (e.g., an IEEE 802.11 protocol),Long-Term Evolution (LTE), WiMAX (e.g., an IEEE 802.16 standard), aradio-frequency ID (RFID) protocol, a microwave communication protocol,near-field communication (NFC), and/or other wireless communicationprotocols. Such wireline interfaces may include an Ethernet interface, aUniversal Serial Bus (USB) interface, or similar interface tocommunicate via a wire, a twisted pair of wires, a coaxial cable, anoptical link, a fiber-optic link, or other physical connection to awireline network.

In an example embodiment, a UAV 500 may include communication systems520 that allow for both short-range communication and long-rangecommunication. For example, the UAV 500 may be configured forshort-range communications using Wifi and for long-range communicationunder an LTE protocol. In such an embodiment, the UAV 500 may beconfigured to function as a “hot spot” or in other words, as a gatewayor proxy between one or more devices served by the UAV and one or moredata networks, such as cellular networks and/or the Internet. Configuredas such, the UAV 500 may facilitate data communications that thedevice(s) would otherwise be unable to perform by themselves.

For example, UAV 500 may provide a Wifi connection to a client device,and serve as a proxy or gateway to a cellular service provider's datanetwork, which the UAV might connect to under an LTE or a 3G protocol,for instance. The UAV 500 could also serve as a proxy or gateway to ahigh-altitude balloon network, a microwave network, a satellite network,or a combination of these networks, among others, which a client devicemight not be able to otherwise access.

In addition to facilitating communication between UAV 500 and a clientdevice, or between UAV 500 and a data network, communication systems 520may also facilitate one or more command and control interfaces. Theinterfaces may be used by central dispatch system 408, for example, toprovide flight parameters (e.g., target location, flight speed,altitude, etc.) to UAV 500, as well as to receive status informationfrom UAV 500.

D. Power Systems

In a further aspect, UAV 500 may include power system(s) 521. A powersystem 521 may include one or more batteries for providing power to theUAV 500. In one example, the one or more batteries may be rechargeableand each battery may be recharged via a wired connection between thebattery and a power supply and/or via a wireless charging system, suchas an inductive charging system that applies an external time-varyingmagnetic field to an internal battery. Other techniques for powering aUAV, such as solar power or gasoline engines, may be used as well.

E. Payloads

UAV 500 may employ various systems and configurations in order totransport items. In the illustrated embodiment, a payload 522 may serveas a compartment that can hold one or more items, such that a UAV 500can deliver the one or more items to a target delivery location. Forexample, as shown in FIG. 1, a UAV 100 can include an enclosure 130, inwhich an item or items may be transported. As another example, the UAVcan include a pick-and-place mechanism, which can pick up and hold theitem while the UAV is in flight, and then release the item during orafter the UAV's descent. As yet another example, a UAV could include anair-bag drop system, a parachute drop system, and/or a winch system thatis operable from high above a medical situation to drop or lower an itemor items. Other examples are also possible. For instance, payload 522may include supplemental batteries and/or auxiliary communicationequipment.

F. Service Modules

As noted above, UAV 500 may include one or more service modules 516. Theone or more service modules 516 include software, firmware, and/orhardware that may help to provide or assist in the provision of theUAV-related services.

Configured as such, a UAV 500 may provide various types of service. Forinstance, a UAV 500 may have stored information that can be provided toa person or persons at the target location, in order to assist theperson or persons in various ways. For example, a UAV may include avideo or audio file with instructions for performing some task, whichthe UAV can play out to a person at the target location. As anotherexample, a UAV may include an interactive program to assist a person atthe target location in performing some task. For instance, a UAV mayinclude an application that analyzes the person's speech to detectquestions and/or that provides a text-based interface via which theperson can ask such questions, and then determines and provides answersto such questions.

In some embodiments, a UAV 500 may facilitate communication between aperson at the location and personnel at a remote location. As anexample, a service module 516 may provide a user interface via which aperson at the scene can use a communication system 520 of the UAV tocommunicate with a technician at a remote location. As another example,the UAV 500 can unlock certain capabilities of a remote device, such asa mobile phone, which is near the UAV at the scene of a medicalsituation. Other examples are also possible.

4. Example UAV Nests

In some embodiments, a nest for a UAV may be a home station thatincludes a landing feature, automated battery recharging and/or swappingsystems, maintenance systems, and/or a launch system that operateswithout physical intervention from an operator (or perhaps with lessphysical intervention than might otherwise be required). FIG. 6 is anillustration of a nest, according to an example embodiment. An examplenest 600 may be built on a frame structure, which in the illustratedexample is a hexagonal frame, which supports a landing pad 609 andincludes one or more launch systems. Nest 600 is generally arranged on aframe structure, which supports a roof on which the landing pad 609 isdisposed, and includes side sections that provide a human-sized chamberbeneath the roof. The chamber is partially closed and provides access totwo launch systems that are substantially housed within the chamber,such that a human operator can operate the launch systems from withinthe chamber. Some embodiments of nest 600 might be partially or fullyautomated such that a human operator is not required.

Herein, a “human-sized” chamber or room should be understood to be anywholly or partially enclosed volume that is large enough to be occupiedby a human, while the human is utilizing input interfaces in the chamber(e.g., control interfaces for a nest and/or a UAV). For instance, theinterior of nest 600 may provide enough room under roof 608 for some ormost humans to stand up fully (e.g., five feet or more or of clearance),while accessing a UAV 602. As such, the interior of nest 600 may beconsidered to be “human-sized” chamber. In other cases, a human-sizedchamber may not provide enough room for the average human to stand upfully. For example, a chamber with a seat, which is sized to accommodatea human sitting in the seat, may be considered to be a human-sizedchamber, regardless of whether or not the chamber is large enough forthe human to stand up fully.

An example launch system includes a launch tube 603 and a panel 605 thatcan be opened or closed to access or restrict access to the interior ofthe launch tube. An operator may thus open panel 605 and place a UAV 602on a launch mechanism that is operable to propel the UAV 602 upwardsthrough the launch tube 603 and out of an opening in the roof that isprovided when the launch-tube hatch 604 is opened. Note that in someimplementations, a UAV, such as a tail-sitter UAV, may also beconfigured to launch directly from the roof 608 of the nest (e.g., fromthe landing pad 609).

In a further aspect, the panel may help to improve the safety for ahuman operator of nest 600. For example, the launch system may requirethat the moveable panel 605 be closed in order for a launch process tobe initiated.

A landing pad 609 may be arranged on the roof of the nest, such that thelanding pad is accessible for a UAV to land thereon. The landing pad mayinclude a launch hatch 604 at the top end of each launch tube 603. Alaunch hatch 604 may be configured to open as part of a launch process(and possibly only if the interior access panel to the launch tube isclosed), and to otherwise remain closed, thereby sealing the opening atthe top of launch tube 603 when no UAV is being launched.

In some embodiments, the landing pad may include a zero-impact orlow-impact grass surface on which the UAV can land. Further, the landingpad 609 may include at least one visual feature to assist a UAV inlanding on the landing pad, such as a distinctively colored “X” on itssurface or a beacon that the onboard camera in a UAV can use toaccurately locate and land on the landing pad (e.g., using visualodometry).

In another aspect, ultrasonic or IR transmitters (not shown) on or nearlanding pad 609 could be used to help improve a UAV's landing accuracy.In such embodiments, the UAV 602 may include ultrasonic or IR receiversthat can receive signals from the nest's transmitters, and use thereceived signals to help locate the landing pad 609.

In a further aspect, a recovery net 616 may be adjacent to the landingpad. The recovery net 616 may be arranged such that when the UAV is inthe process of landing, the recovery net receives the UAV and/or guidesthe UAV towards the landing pad. The recovery net 616 may also improvesafety, e.g., by protecting those that might be in the vicinity of thenest.

In some embodiments, a horizontal net could be placed around a landingpad as a safety measure. For example, a “donut-shaped” net could beplaced around the circumference of landing pad 609, which may protectthe UAV and/or prevent the UAV from falling off the roof of nest 600, inthe event the UAV misses the landing pad 609 by a small amount. Otherexamples of such nets surrounding a landing pad are also possible.

In some embodiments, the nest's landing feature may include or take theform of a horizontally-arranged recovery net (not shown), which may beused instead of a landing pad 609. In such an embodiment, a horizontalrecovery net may be raised, such that there is an air gap underneath thehorizontal recovery net (e.g., a gap between the recovery net and theroof of the nest), such that the recovery net can stretch in order tosupport, and possibly to “catch” a UAV. Such a horizontal recovery netmay include similar visual features to assist in landing as described inreference to landing pad 609.

To illustrate, consider a scenario where a UAV is landing on a nest thatis equipped with a horizontal recovery net on its roof. When returningfrom a flight, the UAV could switch to a hover mode, lower itself closeto the net, and then power off or reduce power to its motors so that itfalls into the horizontal recovery net. This type of horizontal recoverynet may therefore be particularly useful if a UAV does not have landinggear (e.g., feet or wheels). Of course, a horizontal recovery net may beuseful for other landing techniques and/or for other types of UAVs(e.g., UAVs that have landing gear).

In a further aspect, nest 600 may include one or more mechanicalbattery-replacement systems, which may each be configured to: (a) removea first battery from the UAV, (b) connect the first battery to acharging system, and (c) after removal of the first battery, install asecond battery in the UAV.

In some embodiments, nest 600 may include one or more battery swappingsystems instead of, or in addition to, battery charging and/orreplacement systems. In such embodiments, UAV 602 may include two ormore power sources, such that the UAV can be continuously powered duringthe process of exchanging a used battery for a new battery. As such, abattery swapping system (or battery exchange system) may include one ormore mechanical features that can automate the process of removing abattery from the robot, such as robotic arms, pinchers, and/or magneticfeatures (e.g., controllable electromagnets for attaching to andremoving a battery), among other possibilities. In some embodiments,such a system may be operable to place a new battery in UAV 602, beforean old battery is removed. This may allow UAV 602 to operate (e.g., fly)with only one battery, which may reduce weight and extend flight time.

Nest 600 may include an onboard integrated computer (not shown), whichmay generally control the operation of the nest (e.g., those functionsthat are not controlled by a human operator). The integrated computermay also be referred to as the nest's “control system.” Further, thecontrol system may include software and/or firmware to control the UAV602 and/or to facilitate control of the UAV 602 by a human operator. Yetfurther, control system may generate and/or store log data, diagnosticdata, and/or flight data for UAVs 602. Such data may be stored locallyin data storage in the nest 600, and/or may be stored in the cloud(e.g., if an internet connection is available). The control system mayalso be configured to check for software updates and/or to allow forremote updates of its software.

In some embodiments, nest 600 may also include a diagnostics system (notshown) for UAV 602. Various types of diagnostic systems are possible.The diagnostics system may include: (a) an onboard integrated computerand (b) one or more interfaces for acquiring data from a UAV. Configuredas such, the diagnostics system may perform basic diagnostics on theUAV, such as testing motor controllers, propellers, and/or on-boardsensors to ascertain whether these components are functioning properlyand/or have been damaged.

In a further aspect, nest 600 may include one or more systems forcommunicating with a UAV that has been launched from the nest and isflying to or located at a target location. For example, nest 600 mayinclude a long-range (e.g., up to 70 kilometers) communication systemconfigured for communications with the UAV. Such a long-rangecommunication system may include a long-range directional antenna for RFcommunications with UAV 602, as well as a directional tracking mechanismto facilitate the aiming of the directional antenna at UAV 602 while UAV602 is in flight.

A nest 600 may also include other types of communication systems, whichmay allow for communications via the Internet and/or other datanetworks. For example, a router, modem and interface to a local wirelessnetwork may enable nest 600 to connect to the Internet. As such, localUAV operators at the nest can run diagnostics. Further, such networkconnectivity may allow for remote control of some or all operations of anest 600 and/or a UAV 602. Further, in some embodiments, nest 600 mayinclude an integrated ground-station radar system 620 that provides airtraffic control information to the nest's onboard computer.Alternatively, nest 600 may connect to a remote radar system to obtainsuch air traffic control information.

5. UAV Deployment for Augmenting Wireless Network Capacity

FIG. 7A depicts wireless network coverage in accordance with an exampleembodiment. Particularly, three base stations (BS 700, BS 702, and BS704) may provide cellular coverage areas, Wifi coverage areas, or someother type of wireless coverage areas. The coverage footprints of thesewireless coverage areas are shown as circles in FIG. 7A, with eachwireless coverage area consisting of three sectors of approximately 120degrees. In full generality, however, wireless coverage areas may havenon-circular coverage footprints, and may include more or fewer sectors.

Client device 706, marked with a large X, is a device, group of devices,a structure, or some other entity, that is seeking augmented wirelesscoverage. As shown in FIG. 7A, client device 706 is on the edge of thewireless coverage areas defined by BS 700 and BS 704, and is not withinthe wireless coverage area defined by BS 702. As a result, client device706 may experience limited network capacity when served by BS 700 and/orBS 704. For instance, client device 706 might only receive 500 kilobitsper second of upstream and/or downstream capacity in its shown location,rather than the several megabits per second that it might receive if itwere close to BS 700 and/or BS 704. As a consequence, client device 706might not be able to participate in certain activities that requiresignificant amounts of network capacity, such as streaming video ordownloading large files, or may find these activities to be unacceptablyslow.

Possibly based on the need for more capacity to serve client device 706,UAV 708 may be deployed to the vicinity of client device 706. UAV 708may include the components described in the context of FIG. 5. Withrespect to its communication systems, UAV 708 may be equipped with afirst wireless transceiver for communicating with client device 706(e.g., devices at that location), and a second wireless transceiver forcommunicating with a base station that is coupled to the Internet oranother data network.

As an example, FIG. 7B depicts UAV 708 defining a wireless coverage area(e.g., a cellular or Wifi coverage area) with its first wirelesstransceiver, and communicating with BS 710 via cellular, Wifi,microwave, or another wireless technology. Thus, client device 706 maybe able to achieve data transfer via UAV 708 at a higher capacity thanany data transfer that might be available via BS 700 and/or BS 704. BS710 may be a base station that is separate from and/or not associatedwith BS 700, BS 702, or BS 704. The same or different range offrequencies may be used by the first and second wireless transceivers.

Particularly, UAV 708 may hover over or nearby, or fly over or nearby,client device 706, and relay communications between client device 706and BS 710. If client device 706 is moving, UAV 708 may adjust itsposition to track these movements. Thus, UAV 708 may move along withclient device 706, following at a particular altitude, for instance. Asan example, UAV may move along a route with a bus or train, providingwireless coverage to devices on the bus or train.

In this manner, network capacity may be deployed, on demand or uponneed, to client device 706. Further, UAV 708 may select its altitude toprovide an appropriate tradeoff of coverage footprint versus data rate.The lower UAV 708 flies (e.g., the closer UAV 708 is to client device706), the greater the achievable data rate between client device 706 andUAV 708, but the smaller the diameter of the coverage footprint. On theother hand, the higher UAV 708 flies, the larger the diameter of thecoverage footprint, but the lower the achievable data rate betweenclient device 706 and UAV 708. Thus, if client device 706 consists ofmultiple devices spread out over a location, UAV 708 may select anappropriately high altitude in order to provide reasonable data rates toall of these devices. However, if client device 706 consists of one ormore devices in close proximity to one another, UAV 708 may select alower altitude so that it can provide higher data rates to the devices.Other factors such as remaining UAV flight time (e.g., based onremaining battery life) and/or wireless transmit power may also be takeninto account when selecting a UAV's altitude.

As noted above, UAV 708 may communicate with BS 710. One advantage ofdoing so is illustrated by FIG. 7C. This figure depicts client device706 as a house (potentially with many devices that seek data transfer)which is separated from BS 710 by a hilly or mountainous region that mayinterfere with wireless communication between client device 706 and BS710. Using UAV 708 as a dynamically positioned backhaul relay betweenclient device 706 and BS 710 may improve this communication.Particularly, UAV 708 may be positioned so that it has non-occludedtransmission paths to both client device 706 and BS 710. For instance,UAV 708 may define a cellular wireless coverage area to serve clientdevice 706, and may be in line-of-sight (e.g., microwave, laser-based,free-space optical) communication with BS 710. In this way, physicaltopology inhibiting land-based wireless communication might not be animpediment to the UAV-based wireless communication discussed herein.

FIG. 7D depicts an alternative embodiment in which BS 710 is replaced byplane 712. Plane 712 may be a UAV or a manned vehicle that providesconnectivity between client device 706 and the Internet or another datanetwork. Thus, like UAV 708, plane 712 may include two wirelesstransmitters, one for communication with UAV 708 and another forcommunication with a terrestrial base station (not shown).

UAV 708 and plane 712 may be part of a large hierarchy of UAVs and/ormanned vehicles that provide on-demand data transmission augmentation.For instance, plane 712 may serve as a backhaul relay for multiple UAVs.In some embodiments, plane 712 may be a backhaul relay between (i) oneor more of these UAVs, and (ii) another UAV or manned vehicle (notshown). This latter UAV may be, for example, another plane, a balloon,or another type of vehicle that provides communication with aterrestrial base station or yet another UAV.

In this manner, there may be multiple “levels” of UAVs, where theselevels roughly correspond to the operating altitudes of the UAVs. Thus,the lowest level of UAVs may provide wireless coverage for terrestrialdevices, the second-lowest level of UAVs may provide wireless coveragefor the lowest level of UAVs, and so on. In general, level i of UAVs mayprovide wireless coverage for level i−1 of UAVs, while being served bylevel i+1 of UAVs. In these scenarios, i may take on values from 1 ton−1, where n is the number of UAV levels in the hierarchy. Further, thealtitude of UAVs at each level of the hierarchy increases with levelnumbering. Thus, UAVs at level 1 are closest to the ground in altitude,while UAVs at level n are furthest from the ground in altitude.

FIG. 7E is a flow chart in accordance with example embodiments. Theoperations in this flow chart may be performed by components ofUAV—particularly, by a computing unit (e.g., a processor with memory andother peripheral components) and communication unit of such a UAV

Block 720 may involve receiving a request to provide UAV based wirelesscoverage to a particular geographical location. This request may takevarious forms, such as but not limited to a phone call, a text message,a web-based request, a request carried out over various types ofwireless technologies (e.g., 2G, 3G, 4G, 5G), and so on. The request mayoccur whenever there is a desire for more capacity or a faster data ratethan is currently available at the location of the requestor. Block 722may involve, possibly in response to the request, flying, by a UAV, tothe particular geographical location.

Block 724 may involve defining, by a first wireless interface of theUAV, a wireless coverage area that covers at least part of theparticular geographical location. The first wireless interface may beeither a Wifi interface or a cellular interface.

Block 726 may involve establishing, by a second wireless interface ofthe UAV, a wireless backhaul link to a data network. The second wirelessinterface may be a Wifi interface, a line-of-sight interface, a cellularinterface, or some other type of interface. The wireless backhaul linkmay be between the UAV and a terrestrial base station. Alternatively,the UAV may be a first UAV, and the wireless backhaul link may bebetween the first UAV and a second UAV.

Block 728 may involve providing, by the UAV, wireless data transferservices to at least one client device in the particular geographicallocation, wherein the wireless data transfer services allow the clientdevice to exchange data communication with the data network via the UAV.Some embodiments may further involve, after providing the wireless datatransfer services, flying, by the UAV, to a different geographicallocation.

In some embodiments, prior to providing wireless data transfer servicesto the at least one client device in the particular geographicallocation, the at least one client device may have been in communicationwith a particular server device. Providing wireless data transferservices to the at least one client device in the particulargeographical location may involve exchanging the data communication toand from the particular server device via the UAV. In some instances,this may involve the client device being seamlessly handed over fromother wireless infrastructure to the UAV for continued wireless service.

FIG. 7F is a flow chart in accordance with example embodiments. Theoperations in this flow chart may be performed by a computing deviceassociated with a UAV, such as a UAV controller device (e.g., accesssystem 402 and/or central dispatch system 408) that controls themovement and operation of one or more UAVs.

Block 730 may involve receiving, by a UAV controller device, a requestto provide UAV based wireless coverage to a particular geographicallocation. Block 732 may involve, possibly in response to the request,the UAV controller device causing: (i) a UAV to fly to the particulargeographical location, (ii) a first wireless interface of the UAV todefine a wireless coverage area that covers at least part of theparticular geographical location, (iii) a second wireless interface ofthe UAV to establish a wireless backhaul link to a data network, and(iv) the UAV to provide wireless data transfer services to at least oneclient device in the particular geographical location, wherein thewireless data transfer services allow the client device to exchange datacommunication with the data network via the UAV. Additionally, any ofthe features or variations described in the context of FIG. 7E can beapplied to the operations of FIG. 7F.

A. Causing UAV Deployment

As mentioned in the context of FIGS. 7E and 7F, one or more UAVs may bedeployed to a target location based on various triggers. These triggersmay include, but are not limited to, (i) an explicit request from aclient device or user at or associated with the vicinity of the targetlocation, (ii) an implicit request from a client device or user at orassociated with the vicinity of the target location, and/or (iii) arequest from a wireless service provider for augmented wireless coveragein the vicinity of the target location.

Additionally, a UAV may be scheduled to serve several requests beforereturning to a nest or otherwise becoming available to serve morerequests. For instance, three requests for augmented wireless coveragemay be received for three different target locations. A single UAV maybe instructed to serially serve these requests, for instance, in afirst-come-first-serve fashion. Doing so may be beneficial when there isa significant distance between the UAV's current location (e.g., a nest)and the target locations, but the target location are relatively closeto one another.

An explicit request from a client device or user may occur as follows.The client device or user determines a need for augmented wirelesscoverage. For example, the user of the client device (e.g., asmartphone, tablet, PC, television, set top box, etc.) may becomeunsatisfied with the client device's current level of wireless coverage.

Through the client device itself, or via another client device, the usermay request augmented wireless coverage. For instance, the user maynavigate to a web site associated with UAV wireless services, andexplicitly request wireless coverage. The web site may be that of accesssystem 402 and/or central dispatch system 408, and the user may have anaccount in user-account database 414. Alternatively, the user may beprompted to create an account with access system 402 and/or centraldispatch system 408, and the user's account data may be stored inuser-account database 414.

Possibly via such as web site, the user may merely specify “morewireless coverage” or may specify that a particular data rate (e.g., 1megabit per second, 5 megabits per second, 10 megabits per second, etc.)is desired. The client device's location may become known to accesssystem 402 and/or central dispatch system 408, either as part of theuser's data in user-account database 414 or by gathering thisinformation (e.g., via GPS, cellular triangulation, etc.) from theclient device. In some cases, the user's location and the clientdevice's location may be different—for example, the user may requestwireless coverage on behalf of a remote client device, or may schedulethe wireless coverage to be available at some point in the future, butat a different location from the user's current location. Thus, in somesituations, a time, as well as a location, for the wireless coverage maybe provided.

Regardless, once the location is known to central dispatch system 408,one or more UAVs may be deployed to the location. Once at the location,or in the vicinity thereof, the UAV(s) may provide wireless coverage tothe client device (and possibly other client devices as well). In somesituations, the UAV(s) may hover over the location or nearby thelocation. In other embodiments, the UAV(s) may land on the ground oranother object (such as a building) to provide the wireless coverage.The latter scenario may save energy, thereby increasing the UAV's activeduty cycle. It is possible for a UAV to switch between airborne andground positions while providing wireless coverage. Further, it is alsopossible for a UAV to track the location of one or more client devicesand move along with these client devices, providing them with continuingwireless coverage as the client devices move about.

An implicit request from a client device or user may occur as follows.The user, perhaps via the client device or another client device, mayrequest a particular service that requires a nominal data rate. Forexample, the user may request download or streaming of a movie. Forpurposes of illustration, the size of a DVD-quality movie may be 3-4.5gigabytes, the size of a high-definition movie may be 8-15 gigabytes,the size of a blu-ray movie may be 20-25 gigabytes, and the size of a 4Kmovie may be over 100 gigabytes. Based on the requested movie quality,and perhaps other factors as well, the client device may further requestaugmented wireless coverage commensurate with the amount of data to betransferred. Alternatively, another device, such as a device thatmonitors utilization of the wireless coverage nearby the client device,may request the augmented wireless coverage.

This further request may, in turn, determine how many UAVs are deployedto the location, what type of UAVs (e.g., wireless interface type, datastorage capacity, etc.), and the height at which the UAV will hover orland in order to provide the wireless coverage. Particularly, beforedeployment, a selected UAV may be provisioned with the requested content(e.g., the movie). For instance, the UAV may contain a hard drive orsolid state drive, and the deployment process may include loading thisstorage device with a copy of the content. Thus, selecting a UAV mayinvolve selecting one that contains enough storage to contain therequested content.

Once it is providing wireless coverage, the UAV may download or streamthe requested content to one or more client devices. In the case ofmovie downloads, this UAV-based mechanism may be more efficient thanother forms of video on demand, because the UAV is able to providefocused high-speed connectivity to deliver the movie to client devicesin a much shorter period of time (e.g., minutes) than the running timeof the movie itself (e.g., 1-3 hours). Further, this mechanism may avoidcongesting other legs of the network, and may also avoid requiring awireless interface on the UAV for backhaul connectivity to a datanetwork. Nonetheless, in some situations, the UAV may serve as abackhaul relay, and the requested content may be downloaded or streamedvia a remote server (e.g., over the Internet).

A UAV that provides augmented wireless coverage for movie downloads maybe scheduled to carry out several such downloads at a time or serially.For instance, a number of requests for movie downloads may arrive atcentral dispatch system 408. While at a nest, a selected UAV may beloaded with each of the requested movies. The UAV may then be deployedto the target locations and engage in the downloads serially beforereturning to the nest.

A request from a wireless service provider may occur as follows. Acellular wireless service provider may own and/or operate a number ofbase stations, each defining one or more wireless coverage areas. Thewireless service provider may monitor the utilization of each of thesewireless coverage areas. Once the utilization of one or more wirelesscoverage areas in a particular location exceeds a threshold (e.g., 50%,70%, 90%, etc.), the wireless service provider may transmit a requestfor augmented wireless coverage to central dispatch system 408.

This request may indicate the location for the augmented wirelesscoverage, and possibly a time for deployment of the augmented wirelesscoverage. For instance, the wireless service provider may anticipate aneed for augmented wireless coverage based on upcoming events, such as asporting event, trade show, or concert at a particular venue. Thus, thewireless service provider may schedule this coverage at the time andplace of the event.

Once at the location, one or more UAVs may transmit using frequenciesand wireless protocols that allow these UAVs to become part of thewireless service provider's network. Other communication parametersincluding paging parameters, signaling parameters, power levelparameters, and/or carrier aggregation parameters may also be specified.

As an example, suppose that the wireless service provider's wirelesscoverage at the location is using LTE in a particular frequency range.The UAVs may define new wireless coverage areas at the location, usingLTE in the particular frequency range. These new wireless coverage areasmay use identifiers that make them distinct from other wireless coverageareas in the region. Further, the UAVs' backhaul links may be to a basestation controller, radio network controller, mobility managemententity, or some other device operated by the wireless service provider.In this manner, the wireless service provider may coordinate handoffs ofclient devices between its own wireless coverage areas and those definedby the UAVs.

In order to make the client devices in the coverage area attach to theUAVs, as opposed to the wireless service provider's base stations, theUAVs may hover or land at a particular altitude and/or transmit at aparticular power. For instance, a UAV hovering close to a client device(e.g., within a few hundred feet), at a low altitude (e.g., less than 50feet above the client device), and with a high transmission power (e.g.,40-45 dBm) may cause the client device to hand over from a base stationof the wireless service provider to the UAV. Conversely, when the UAVleaves the location, hovers at a higher altitude, and/or transmits witha lower power, the client device may hand over back to a base station ofthe wireless service provider.

In some cases, UAVs may provide temporary coverage to known gaps incellular network coverage. For instance, until one of these gaps can becovered by terrestrial base stations, one or more UAVs may provide thiscoverage. In some cases, this may involve one UAV providing coverageuntil it runs low on battery power or fuel, and then being replaced byanother UAV, and so on.

FIG. 8 is a flow chart in accordance with example embodiments. Theoperations in this flow chart may be performed by a computing deviceassociated with a UAV, such as a UAV controller device that controls themovement and operation of one or more UAVs.

Block 800 may involve receiving a request for wireless coverage at aparticular geographical location. Block 802 may involve, possibly basedon the particular geographical location, selecting a particular UAV froma plurality of UAVs to carry out the request. Block 804 may involveinstructing the particular UAV to fly to the particular geographicallocation and provide the requested wireless coverage to one or moreclient devices.

In some embodiments, the request for wireless coverage includes a timeat which the augmented wireless coverage is to begin. The request forwireless coverage may be received via a web-based portal and may includean indication of the particular geographical location and/or the time.Alternatively, the request for wireless coverage may identify a useraccount, and receiving the request includes looking up the user accountin a user-account database, and identifying a location associated withthe user in the user-account database as the particular geographicallocation.

In some embodiments, the request for wireless coverage originates from awireless service provider. The request for wireless coverage may includeindications of a wireless protocol and a frequency that the particularUAV is to use when providing wireless coverage.

Further, the request for wireless coverage may include an indication ofparticular media content for downloading or streaming to the one or moreclient devices at the particular geographical location. Selecting theparticular UAV to carry out the request comprises selecting a UAV withdata storage capacity for the particular media content. The operationsof FIG. 8 may also include loading the particular media content into thedata storage of the particular UAV. Providing wireless coverage to oneor more client devices may involve downloading or streaming theparticular media content to the one or more client devices.

B. UAV Selection

With respect to any UAV selection described herein, UAVs may be selectedfor deployment based on a number of factors. One or more of thesefactors may be considered when selecting a UAV for deployment. In someembodiments, each factor may be assigned a value and a weight, and aweighted average of these values may be calculated for each UAV. Theresulting per-UAV scores may determine the UAV to be deployed. Forinstance, the UAV with the highest score may be selected. Regardless, anon-exhaustive list of these factors follows.

Location.

As noted above, when not deployed, UAVs may be stored in a nest, such asnest 600. A metropolitan area may contain anywhere from one to a dozenor more nests. As a consequence, tens or hundreds of UAVs may beavailable to provide augmented wireless coverage (or other services) tothe metropolitan area. When a request for augmented wireless coverage ismade (e.g., the request arrives at central dispatch system 408), theremay be more than one UAV that could be deployed to carry out therequest. It may be beneficial to consider UAV location and the targetlocation of augmented wireless coverage when determining which UAV(s) todeploy. For instance, if two UAVs are candidates for deployment to thetarget location, the UAV that is closer to the target location may bepreferred because that UAV is likely to be able to reach the targetlocation more quickly, and use less power to do so. Additionally, UAVscurrently in transit may be considered as well. In some situations, aUAV that is flying back from a deployment may be the closest UAV to thetarget location, and possibly the best candidate for servicing thetarget location.

Power.

As noted above, UAVs may use various mechanisms for power, such asbatteries or combustion engines, for instance. Based on the expectedflight time of the UAV to and from the target location, as well as theexpected length of the deployment, some UAVs might not have enough power(e.g., their remaining battery life is too low) to be candidates fordeployment. In general, UAVs with full power (e.g., a full batterycharge) may be preferable for deployment over UAVs with partialremaining power (e.g., a partial battery charge) or that are in theprocess of fueling or charging. The expected length of deployment may beexplicitly requested by a user (e.g., the user may request augmentedwireless coverage for 2 hours) or implicit based on media contentidentified by the user. For instance, if the user requested download ofa 20 gigabyte movie, an expected transfer rate of the movie to the usermay be calculated, and the deployment time may be estimated therefrom.In some cases, the term “remaining available mission time” may refer acalculation of how long the UAV has before it should either (i) returnto a nest, or (ii) discontinue serving client devices so that it canbegin the process of returning to a nest. The remaining availablemission time may be based on the UAV's estimated remaining power.

Flight Velocity.

Different UAVs may have different average and maximum flight velocities(e.g., from 30-90 miles per hour). For deployments that are requested inthe near future or as soon as possible, faster UAVs may be preferredover slower UAVs. On the other hand, for scheduled deployments that arefar enough in the future, slower UAVs may be preferred over faster UAVs.

Wireless Technology Supported by Client Devices in the TargetLocation/Wireless Interfaces on the UAV.

Client devices in the target location that are to be served by a UAV maysupport one or more types of wireless technologies. For instance, theclient device may support a cellular technology, such as LTE, or a localarea network technology, such as Wifi. Based on the technologiessupported by the client devices (information of which may be included ina request for augmented wireless coverage or stored in user-accountdatabase 414), one or more UAVs with a compatible wireless interface maybe selected. For instance, if augmented LTE wireless coverage isrequested, a UAV that supports an LTE wireless interface that can defineLTE wireless coverage areas may be selected. If applicable, the UAV'swireless interface for backhaul may also be considered. For instance, ifthe available backhaul links in the vicinity of the target location arelimited to microwave links, a UAV with a microwave backhaul interfacemay be selected.

UAV Data Storage Capacity.

For a request for particular media content that has a particular size,the data storage capacity of UAVs may be considered. For instance, ifseveral 4K movies totaling 700 gigabytes have been requested, a UAV withdata storage capacity of over 700 gigabytes may be selected.

Other factors, such as support of optional features of a wirelessprotocol (e.g., LTE carrier aggregation, 5 GHz Wifi, etc.), estimatedbackhaul link signal quality (e.g., based on the distance between thetarget location and a backhaul node, etc.), and the range of altitudesat which a UAV can operate, may also be considered.

One or more of the factors described in this section, as well as otherfactors not explicitly discussed herein, may be considered as part ofblock 802 of FIG. 8 to select a UAV. In some cases, the one or morefactors may be processed by a cost function, an optimization algorithm,or a machine learning algorithm to select a UAV. Further, certain rulesmay be used to exclude some UAVs from consideration. For instance, UAVswith less than 50% remaining power or more than 25 miles from the targetlocation might be excluded in this fashion.

C. UAV Wireless Connectivity to Client Device(s)

Once deployed to a target location, a UAV may provide wireless serviceto one or more client devices in various ways. Three possibleembodiments of how a UAV may provide this connectivity are illustratedin FIGS. 9A, 9B, 9C, 9D, 10A, 10B, 11A, 11B, and 11C. Other mechanismsmay be used.

FIG. 9A is a message flow diagram 900 illustrating a UAV connecting to apreexisting Wifi network at a target location. At steps 910 and 912,client device 902 exchanges data with one or more devices via Wifirouter 904 and data network 908. The data exchanged may be any type oftransaction—web browsing, gaming, email, messaging, voice over IP, mediastreaming, file downloads, etc. In some embodiments, the backhaul linkbetween Wifi router 904 and data network 908 may have limited capacity.As a result, client device 902 may request augmented wireless coverage,and UAV 906 may be deployed to provide this coverage.

At step 914, UAV 906 arrives in the vicinity of Wifi router 904 anddetects Wifi router 904. UAV 906 may have been deployed from a nest withinstructions to fly to GPS coordinates nearby Wifi router 904. In somecases, client device 902 may provide these GPS coordinates in therequest for augmented wireless coverage. In order to detect Wifi router904, UAV 906 may be provided with a service set identifier (SSID) thatidentifies a Wifi network defined by Wifi router 904. UAV 906 may scanavailable Wifi frequencies for this SSID. Once UAV 906 detects the Wifinetwork associated with the SSD, at step 916, UAV 906 may access theWifi network using the SSID and a password. Like the SSID, the passwordmay have been provided to UAV 906.

At step 918, Wifi router 904 may assign IP address X to UAV 906, withwhich UAV 906 may communicate with other devices using the Wifi network.Particularly, at step 920, UAV 906 may transmit a notification via theWifi network that UAV 906 is providing a gateway service at IP addressX. Here, the term “gateway” may refer to UAV 906 performing a routingfunction with which UAV 906 can route data packets between the Wifinetwork and data network 908. UAV 906 may also establish a wirelessbackhaul link with another device so that UAV 906 is able to communicatewith data network 908 via this link.

At step 922, after receiving the notification, client device 902 may setUAV 906 as its default gateway. Thus, any packets originated by clientdevice 902 that are not transmitted directly to devices on the Wifinetwork may instead be transmitted to UAV 906 so that UAV 906 canforward these packets toward their ultimate destinations.

At steps 924 and 926, client device 902 exchanges data with one or moredevices via UAV 906 and data network 908. In contrast to steps 910 and912, this data passes through UAV 906, which may be able to providegreater data transfer rates than Wifi router 904. For instance, thewireless backhaul link of UAV 906 may have several times the capacity asthe backhaul link of Wifi router 904.

At step 928, after some period of time either defined by the request foraugmented wireless coverage or determined otherwise, UAV 906 maytransmit a second notification via the Wifi network. The secondnotification may indicate that the gateway service of UAV 906 isterminating. At step 930, client device 902, perhaps in response toreceiving the second notification, may set Wifi router 904 as itsdefault gateway. For instance, client device 902 may (i) replace IPaddress X of UAV 906 with the IP address of Wifi router 904 that clientdevice 902 previously used as a default gateway, (ii) transmit a dynamichost configuration protocol (DHCP) discover or request message in orderto obtain a default gateway address from Wifi router 904, or (iii) resetits network interface, resulting in client device 902 transmitting aDHCP discover or request message in order to obtain a default gatewayaddress from Wifi router 904. Other mechanisms are possible.

Regardless, at steps 932 and 934, client device 902 may once againexchange data with one or more devices via Wifi router 904 and datanetwork 908. UAV 906 may fly away from the vicinity of the Wifi network,perhaps back to a nest or on to another location at which to provideaugmented wireless coverage.

FIG. 9B is a flow chart in accordance with example embodiments. Theoperations in this flow chart may be performed by components ofUAV—particularly, by a computing unit (e.g., a processor with memory andother peripheral components) and communication unit of such a UAV

Block 950 may involve flying to a particular geographical location. Awireless router may be at the particular geographical location. Thewireless router may be a Wifi router and the wireless coverage area maybe a Wifi local wireless network.

Block 952 may involve detecting a wireless coverage area defined by thewireless router. Block 954 may involve accessing the wireless coveragearea using a network identifier and a password. In some embodiments, theUAV may obtain, during this process, the network identifier and thepassword from a UAV controller device. Alternatively, the networkidentifier and the password may be preloaded into the UAV prior to theUAV flying to the particular geographical location. The networkidentifier may be an SSID.

Block 956 may involve establishing a backhaul link to a data network.Block 958 may involve transmitting a notification to a client deviceserved by the wireless coverage area. The notification may indicate thatthe UAV serves as a default gateway for the wireless coverage area. Thenotification may be unicast, multicast, or broadcast via the wirelesscoverage area.

In some embodiments, prior to receiving the notification, the clientdevice is assigned a default gateway address of a first IP address. TheUAV may be assigned a second IP address by the wireless router, and thenotification may include the second IP address. Reception of thenotification by the client device may cause the client device to changeits default gateway address to the second IP address.

Block 960 may involve exchanging data transmissions between (i) a clientdevice, and (ii) one or more other devices accessible via the datanetwork.

Further operations may involve determining that the UAV is no longergoing to serve as default gateway for the wireless coverage area, andtransmitting a second notification to the client device. The secondnotification may indicate that the UAV is no longer going to serve asdefault gateway for the wireless coverage area. Reception of the secondnotification may cause the client device to change its default gatewayaddress to the first IP address. In some scenarios, the client devicechanging its default gateway address to the first IP address comprisesthe client device performing a DHCP renewal operation.

FIG. 9C is also a flow chart in accordance with example embodiments. Theoperations in this flow chart may be performed by components ofUAV—particularly, by a computing unit (e.g., a processor with memory andother peripheral components) and communication unit of such a UAV. Inthe scenario focused on in FIG. 9C, the UAV is preloaded with mediacontent for download to a client device on a wireless local areanetwork.

Block 970 may involve flying to a particular geographical location. Awireless router may be at the particular geographical location. Block972 may involve detecting a wireless coverage area defined by thewireless router. Block 974 may involve accessing the wireless coveragearea using a network identifier and a password. Block 976 may involvetransmitting a notification to a client device served by the wirelesscoverage area. The notification indicates that the UAV has access tomedia content (e.g., one or more movies) requested by the client device.Block 978 may involve downloading the requested media content to theclient device.

FIG. 9D is a flow chart in accordance with example embodiments. Theoperations in this flow chart may be performed by components ofUAV—particularly, by a computing unit (e.g., a processor with memory andother peripheral components) and communication unit of such a UAV. Theembodiment illustrated by FIG. 9D involves a UAV providing relaywireless service between a client device and a wireless base station orrouter, where the backhaul link of the wireless base station or routeris used to facilitate communication between the client device and a datanetwork.

Block 980 may involve a UAV flying to a particular geographicallocation. A wireless device may be at the particular geographicallocation. The wireless device may define a first wireless coverage areaand provide backhaul communication between the first wireless coveragearea and a data network. The wireless device may be a cellular basestation or a wireless router.

Block 982 may involve accessing, by a first interface of the UAV, thefirst wireless coverage area. Block 984 may involve defining, by asecond interface the UAV, a second wireless coverage area. The secondwireless coverage area may cover a client device that is not withinrange of the first wireless coverage area.

Block 986 may involve exchanging data transmissions between (i) theclient device, and (ii) one or more other devices accessible via thedata network. Exchanging the data transmissions may involve receiving,by the UAV and via the second wireless coverage area, data from theclient device, and transmitting, by the UAV and via the first wirelesscoverage area, the data to the wireless device. Reception of the data bythe wireless device may cause the wireless device to transmit, via thedata network, the data to the one or more other devices. Alternativelyor additionally, exchanging the data transmissions may involvereceiving, by the UAV and via the first wireless coverage area, datafrom one of the one or more other devices, and transmitting, by the UAVand via the second wireless coverage area, the data to the clientdevice.

FIG. 10A is a message flow diagram 1000 illustrating a UAV defining anew Wifi network at the target location. At steps 1010 and 1012, clientdevice 1002 exchanges data with one or more devices via Wifi router 1004and data network 1008. The data exchanged may be any type oftransaction—web browsing, gaming, email, messaging, voice over IP, mediastreaming, file downloads, etc. In some embodiments, the backhaul linkbetween Wifi router 1004 and data network 1008 may have limitedcapacity. As a result, client device 1002 may request augmented wirelesscoverage, and UAV 1006 may be deployed to provide this coverage.

At step 1014, after arriving in the vicinity of Wifi router 1004, UAV1006 may select an unused Wifi frequency. UAV 1006 may scan a range ofWifi frequencies to determine which of these frequencies are used andwhich are unused in this location. From this range of frequencies, UAV1006 may select one of the unused frequencies. UAV 1006 may alsoestablish, or may have already established, a wireless backhaul link todata network 1008.

At step 1016, UAV 1006 may define a Wifi coverage area (which may alsobe referred to as a “Wifi network”). This coverage area may be definedusing a particular SSID and password. The SSID and password may be (i)pre-loaded into UAV 1006 before UAV 1006 flies to the location, (ii)provided to UAV 1006, via data network 1008, by a server device (such ascentral dispatch system 408), or (iii) generated by UAV 1006. In thelatter case, at step 1018, UAV 1006 may transmit the SSID and password,via data network 1008, to the server device. At steps 1020 and 1022, theserver device may transmit the SSID and password to client device 1002via data network 1008 and Wifi router 1004.

At step 1024, client device 1002 may join the Wifi coverage area definedby UAV 1006. Then, at steps 1026 or steps 1026 and 1028, client device1002 may exchange data transmissions with UAV 1006. For instance, clientdevice 1002 may download media content from UAV 1006, or client device1002 may communicate with one or more other devices on data network 1008via UAV 1006.

At step 1030, after some period of time either defined by the requestfor augmented wireless coverage or determined otherwise, UAV 1006 maydisable its Wifi coverage area. At step 1032, possibly in response todetermining that the Wifi coverage area of UAV 1006 is no longeravailable, client device 1002 may rejoin the Wifi coverage area of Wifirouter 1004. Then, at steps 1034 and 1036, client device 1002 may onceagain exchange data with one or more devices via Wifi router 1004 anddata network 1008. UAV 1006 may fly away from the vicinity of the Wifinetwork, perhaps back to a nest or on to another location at which toprovide augmented wireless coverage.

FIG. 10B is a flow chart in accordance with example embodiments. Theoperations in this flow chart may be performed by components ofUAV—particularly, by a computing unit (e.g., a processor with memory andother peripheral components) and communication unit of such a UAV

Block 1050 may involve flying to a particular geographical location. Awireless router may be at the particular geographical location, and thewireless router may be providing, via a first wireless network, a clientdevice with connectivity to a data network.

Block 1052 may involve defining a second wireless network. The secondwireless network may be defined so that it does not interfere with thefirst wireless network. For instance, prior to defining the secondwireless network, the UAV may scan a frequency range to identify afrequency not used by wireless networks near the particular geographicallocation. The second wireless network may be defined using thefrequency.

Block 1054 may involve transmitting, via the data network, anotification of the second wireless network to a server device.Reception of the notification may cause the server device to transmitoperational parameters of the second wireless network to the clientdevice. Some embodiments may further involve, after transmitting thenotification of the second wireless network to the server device,determining that the client device has joined the second wirelessnetwork.

The notification of the second wireless network may include theoperational parameters of the second wireless network. For instance,where the second wireless network is a Wifi network, the operationalparameters of the second wireless network may include an SSID andpassword for the second wireless network. Further, reception, by theclient device, of the operational parameters of the second wirelessnetwork may cause the client device to join the second wireless network.

Block 1056 may involve exchanging, via the second wireless network, datatransmissions with the client device. Alternatively or additionally,exchanging data transmissions with the client device may involveexchanging the data transmissions between (i) the client device, and(ii) one or more other devices accessible via the data network. Furtherembodiments may involve disabling the second wireless network after someperiod of time, which may cause the client device to rejoin the firstwireless network.

FIGS. 11A and 11B are a message flow diagram 1100 illustrating a UAVdefining a new cellular wireless coverage area at a target location. Thesteps of these figures may be carried out, in part or as a whole, inresponse to a request from a cellular service provider or a clientdevice. For instance, a cellular service provider may determine that oneor more of its base stations at or nearby the target location areoverloaded, or the utilization thereof is above a threshold percentage(e.g., greater than 50%, 70%, 90%, etc.). Or, the cellular serviceprovider may determine that there is a gap in its wireless coverage atthe target location. In response, the cellular service provider mayrequest UAV deployment to the target location so that the cellularwireless coverage at the target location can be augmented. Likewise, theuser of a client device may decide that the cellular coverage at thetarget location is insufficient for the user's needs. In response, theuser may request, perhaps via the client device, augmented cellularwireless coverage at the target location. Other embodiments arepossible. Advantageously, any of these deployments may reduce oreliminate roaming charges that would normally be paid by the cellularservice provider or the user.

Regardless, at steps 1112 and 1114, client device 1102 exchanges datawith one or more devices via cellular base station 1104 and data network1110. The data exchanged may be any type of transaction—web browsing,gaming, email, messaging, voice over IP, media streaming, filedownloads, etc. In some embodiments, the backhaul link between cellularbase station 1104 and data network 1110 may have limited capacity. As aresult, client device 1102 may request augmented wireless coverage, andUAV 1106 may be deployed to provide this coverage.

At step 1116, after arriving in the vicinity of client device 1102, UAV1106 may measure the strengths of cellular signals that it can receivefrom one or more cellular wireless coverage areas. One of these coverageareas may be the coverage area defined by cellular base station 1104that is being used by client device 1102. When UAV 1106 is close enoughto client device 1102 (e.g., within a few hundred feet), it is likelythat UAV 1106 receives these signals with strengths that are similar tothe strengths at which client device 1102 receives the signals. Thus,UAV 1106 may use its measurements to estimate the strength at whichclient device 1102 is receiving the signals.

At step 1118, UAV 1106 may select a position for itself, as well as asignal strength. Based on the measured signal strengths, UAV 1106 mayselect a three dimensional position. For instance, if the measuredsignal strengths are high, UAV 1106 may select a position that islaterally and/or attitudinally closer to client device 1102, and thenfly to this position. Also based on the measured signal strengths, UAV1106 may select a signal strength so that UAV 1106 can define a cellularwireless coverage area with a high enough power that client device 1102is likely to hand over to UAV 1106. UAV 1106 may also associate itselfwith cellular base station controller 1108, so that cellular basestation controller 1108 considers UAV 1106 to be a “base station” andtherefore part of the cellular network.

At step 1120, UAV 1106 may define a cellular wireless coverage area withthe selected signal strength. Possibly as a result of UAV 1106 doing so,client device 1102 may conduct procedures with cellular base station1104 and cellular base station controller 1108 to hand over to thewireless coverage area of UAV 1106. For instance, client device 1102 maymeasure the strength at which it receives signals from the wirelesscoverage area of UAV 1106 and determine that it is greater than thereceived signal strengths of other wireless coverage areas, includingthe wireless coverage area of cellular base station 1104. In particular,if the received signal strength of the wireless coverage area of UAV1106 is greater by a pre-determined margin than at least some of theseother signal measured signal strengths, client device 1102 may initiatea handover from cellular base station 1104 to UAV 1106.

At step 1124 or steps 1124 and 1126, client device 1102 may exchangedata transmissions with UAV 1106. For instance, client device 1102 maydownload media content from UAV 1106, or client device 1102 maycommunicate with one or more other devices on data network 1110 via UAV1106.

Turning to FIG. 11B, at step 1128, after some period of time eitherdefined by the request for augmented wireless coverage or determinedotherwise, UAV 1106 may disable its cellular wireless coverage area. Atstep 1130, possibly in response to determining that the cellularwireless coverage area of UAV 1106 is no longer available, client device1102 may initiate a handover from UAV 1106 to cellular base station1104. Then, at steps 1132 and 1134, client device 1102 may once againexchange data with one or more devices via cellular base station 1104and data network 1110. UAV 1106 may fly away from the vicinity of clientdevice 1102, perhaps back to a nest or on to another location at whichto provide augmented wireless coverage.

FIG. 11C is a flow chart in accordance with example embodiments. Theoperations in this flow chart may be performed by components ofUAV—particularly, by a computing unit (e.g., a processor with memory andother peripheral components) and communication unit of such a UAV

Block 1150 may involve flying to a particular geographical location. Aclient device may be in the vicinity of the particular geographicallocation, and the client device may be configured to use a firstcellular wireless coverage area to communicate with a data network.

Block 1152 may involve measuring signal strengths of one or morecellular wireless coverage areas, including the first cellular wirelesscoverage area.

Block 1154 may involve selecting a signal strength that is greater thanany of the measured signal strengths. The selected signal strength maybe greater than any of the measured signal strengths by a pre-determinedmargin. The pre-determined margin may be at least 3 dB or at least 5 dB,as two possible examples. Also, based on the measured signal strengths,the UAV may adjust at least one of (i) a height of the UAV above theground, or (ii) a lateral position of the UAV, so that the UAV is closerto the client device.

Block 1156 may involve defining a second cellular wireless coverage areausing the selected signal strength. Defining the second cellularwireless coverage area using the selected signal strength may cause theclient device to be handed over from the first cellular wirelesscoverage area to the second cellular wireless coverage area. Someembodiments may involve, after defining the second cellular wirelesscoverage area, determining that the client device has joined the secondcellular wireless coverage area.

While defining the second cellular wireless coverage area, the UAV mayrepeatedly measure the signal strengths of one or more cellular wirelesscoverage areas. Based on the repeatedly measured signal strengths, theUAV may adjust the signal strength of the second cellular wirelesscoverage area, so that the signal strength of the second cellularwireless coverage area remains greater (e.g., greater by a pre-definedmargin) than any of the repeatedly measured signal strengths.

Block 1158 may involve exchanging, via the second cellular wirelesscoverage area, data transmissions with the client device. Exchanging thedata transmissions with the client device may involve exchanging thedata transmissions between (i) the client device, and (ii) one or moreother devices accessible via the data network. Further embodiments mayinvolve disabling the second cellular wireless coverage area, which maycause the client device to hand over to the first cellular wirelesscoverage area.

6. UAV Deployment for Augmenting Non-Wireless Data Transfer

In addition or as an alternative to providing augmented wirelesscoverage to one or more devices, a UAV may provide augmentednon-wireless data transfer for these device(s). For instance, a clientdevice may transmit a request (e.g., to access system 402 and/or centraldispatch system 408) for particular media content (e.g., a movie). A UAVmay be selected (using for instance, any of the UAV selection criteriadescribed herein) to serve the request, and the request may be forwardedto the selected UAV's nest. Mechanisms at the nest, such as a roboticsystem, may automatically load the particular media content onto aportable storage device. The portable storage device may be a harddrive, flash drive, compact disc, Blu-ray disc, memory stick, memorycard, dongle, or some other form of storage. The portable storage devicemay be placed in an enclosure of the UAV, such as enclosure 135.

The UAV may be instructed to fly to a location associated with theclient device. Once at this location, the UAV may deliver the portablestorage device. For instance, the UAV may drop or place the portablestorage device on a surface (e.g., in a mailbox, on a doorstep, on atable, etc.) at the location. Once the delivery is made, the clientdevice may be notified of the delivery, for instance via email or textmessage.

Then, the UAV may either fly back to the nest, or to another location tomake another delivery. After some period of time, the same or adifferent UAV may arrive at the location to collect the portable storagedevice. In some embodiments, a UAV may deliver and/or collect a numberof portable storage devices to/from a number of locations on one tripaway from its nest.

These embodiments may be desirable in locations (e.g., islands, remotelocations, rural locations, or locations in developing countries) whereit is difficult for a UAV to maintain a high-speed wireless backhaullink. Delivery of a portable storage device may effectively providevirtually unlimited data transfer on demand.

FIG. 12 is a flow chart in accordance with example embodiments. Theoperations in this flow chart may be performed by a computing device ofa computing system associated with a UAV, such as a UAV controllerdevice that controls the movement and operation of one or more UAVs.

Block 1200 may involve receiving a request for delivery of particularmedia content at a particular geographical location. Block 1202 mayinvolve, possibly based on the particular geographical location,selecting a particular UAV from a plurality of UAVs to carry out therequest.

Block 1204 may involve instructing the particular UAV to be loaded witha portable storage device containing the particular media content.Instructing the particular UAV to be loaded with the portable storagedevice containing the particular media content may involve instructing amedia content manipulation device to automatically load the particularmedia content on the portable storage device, and instructing a payloadmanagement device to automatically place the portable storage device inan enclosure of the particular UAV. In some embodiments, at least one ofthe media content manipulation device or the payload management deviceincludes a robotic arm.

Block 1206 may involve transmitting a command to the particular UAV,wherein reception of the command causes the particular UAV to fly to theparticular geographical location and deliver the portable storagedevice. In cases where the request was received from a client device,the some embodiments may further involve receiving an indication thatthe portable storage device has been delivered to the particulargeographic location, and possibly in response to receiving theindication, transmitting a message to the client device. The message mayindicate that the portable storage device has been delivered to theparticular geographic location. The message may be an email message or atext message.

7. Further Advantages

In addition to the embodiments described above, UAV based networkcapacity augmentation or UAV based data transfer augmentation may haveother features, aspects and/or advantages. A non-exhaustive discussionof these follows. Each of the features, aspects and/or advantages may becombined with any one or more of the embodiments herein.

A. Data Backup

UAVs may facilitate on-demand or periodic data backups. As an example,suppose that a client device stores a large amount of data (e.g.,several hundreds of gigabytes or terabytes). Backing up this data to aremote location over a broadband network may take days, weeks, or monthsto complete. However, a UAV may be able to provide a high-speed uplinkfor the client device such that this backup can be completed in minutesor hours.

Thus, the client device might request augmented wireless coverage from aUAV, and use this coverage to perform an on-demand backup of its data.Alternatively, the client device may have a pre-determined backupschedule (e.g., once a week, once a month, etc.) when the UAV flies tothe location of the client device and the client device performs thebackup via the UAV.

B. UAV to UAV Communication

UAVs in the same general vicinity may be able to communicate with oneanother to coordinate and improve overall wireless coverage. Forinstance, two UAVs providing augmented cellular wireless coverage in thevicinity may communicate so that they cover locations where demand forcellular wireless coverage is most likely needed.

As one possible example, if the demand for augmented cellular wirelesscoverage is localized in one specific area that can be covered by thecoverage footprint of a single UAV, both UAVs may provide augmentedcellular wireless coverage to this area so that neither is overloaded.As another possible example, if the demand for augmented cellularwireless coverage is spread out over several areas that cannot becovered by the coverage footprint of a single UAV, the two UAVs maycoordinate with one another so that at least some of these multipleareas are covered.

C. Ad-Hoc Wireless Coverage for First Responders

In the event of an emergency, first responders (e.g., law enforcement,firefighters, emergency medical services, etc.) may need to communicatewith one another and with other entities. Some of these communicationsmay be critical. However, certain types of disasters, such as hurricanesand earthquakes, may disable or limit existing telecommunicationservices.

One possible way of providing first responders with a way to communicateis to deploy one or more UAVs to define wireless coverage areas in thevicinity of the first responders. These UAVs may be configured to onlyprovide coverage to the client devices of the first responders (e.g.,using a whitelist to block other devices from accessing the UAVs). Inthis fashion, the first responders may be able to communicate via voice,video, or data with one another, as well as their headquarters and withofficials in other locations. Further, for first responders that moveabout a broad geographical area, one or more UAVs may follow these firstresponders so that coverage is more likely to be maintained.

D. Local Content Delivery Networks

A content delivery network (CDN) is a geographic deployment of serverdevices in order to place these devices physically close to users. Inthis way, these users can be served by a server device that is nearestor nearby the users rather than having to transmit content to the usersover a wide area network. As an example, media streaming or downloadservices may use CDNs, and thus geographically distribute (cache) theirmedia content to locations in major cities and Internet service provider(ISP) points of presence. As a result, when a user streams or downloadsparticular video content, a local copy of the video content may betransmitted to the user over a local area network or an access network.

UAVs may be used to perform similar operations. As an example, one ormore UAVs may be pre-loaded with copies of the 10, 25, 50, etc. mostpopular movies, and deployed to local neighborhoods. As requests forstreaming or download of these movies arrive, the UAV may move about todeliver the movies to users. By replicating copies of the same popularmedia content across multiple UAVs, these UAVs may form a type ofon-demand, reconfigurable CDN.

E. Scheduled Augmented Wireless Coverage

In any of the embodiments above, a UAV may be scheduled to provideaugmented wireless coverage to multiple locations on a regular orsemiregular basis. For instance, a UAV May be deployed to several targetlocations in a specific order. At each target location, the UAV mayprovide augmented wireless coverage for a period of time. The UAV mayfly from target location to target location without returning to a nest.This activity may be scheduled to occur regularly, such as once a day,or on an ad hoc basis. After servicing the final target location, theUAV may then return to a nest.

F. Dynamic Deployment of Self-Powered Base Stations

In combination with any of the above embodiments, or as a distinctembodiment, one or more UAVs may be used to deploy self-powered wirelessbase stations to target locations that might benefit from augmentedwireless coverage. The same or similar procedures may be used to deploywireless repeaters, and for sake of simplicity, the term “base station”may be used to refer to either base stations, wireless repeaters, orboth.

These base stations may be of a portable form factor, perhaps no biggerthan 18 inches by 12 inches by 12 inches and weighing 10 pounds or less.In some cases, such a base station might be no bigger than 12 inches by6 inches by 6 inches and weigh 5 pounds or less. Other dimensions andweights are possible. Notably, these base stations may be small andlight enough to be carried by a UAV.

A base station may be self-powered. Thus, the base station may containbatteries, or some other form of power. For instance, some base stationsmay include photovoltaic solar panels that allow the base stations togenerate electrical current from sunlight.

A base station may also include one or more mechanisms to anchor itselfto a surface, so that the base station is relatively stable duringoperation. These mechanisms may include, but are not limited to, suctioncups, high-friction rubber, adhesives, or magnets. When placed on aground surface, a base station equipped with pistons might sink hooks orgrapnels into the surface to secure the base station to the ground.Other anchoring mechanisms are possible.

Such base stations may also include at least one wireless transceiver.In some embodiments, a base station might include a cellulartransceiver, for communicating with client devices, as well as aline-of-sight transceiver for backhaul communications with a datanetwork or with other base stations.

Two issues in particular may be addressed when deploying these basestations—base station placement and base station inter-communication.

Prior to or during deployment of a base station, a UAV may be instructedwhere to deposit the base station. For instance, the UAV may beinstructed to place the base station in a particular location. In otherembodiments, the UAV may be given one or more desirable locations, andinstructed to place the base station as close to any of these locationsas possible. For instance, the UAV or UAV controller may calculate acost function associated with various placements, where the “cost” of aplacement grows with the square of the distance from the given desirablelocations. The desirable locations may be selected based on theirability to physically support a base station (e.g., having a stable,flat surface), altitude, and line-of-sight paths to other wirelessinfrastructure. Further, these locations may be selected in order todistribute the base stations so that a broad overall wireless coveragecan be maintained.

In some cases, UAVs may move base stations between locations in order toimprove coverage. For instance, as the traffic loads on various basestations change, some base stations may be positioned so that thetraffic loads are more balanced. In other situations, base stations maybe placed in anticipation of future traffic demands. For example, if asporting event is scheduled to take place at a particular time in astadium, one or more base stations may be deployed to the vicinity ofthe stadium in order to handle the expected load.

Once deployed, base stations may use their line-of-sight interfaces todiscover one another, and potentially establish a mesh network. In sucha mesh network, not all base stations may have direct backhaulconnectivity to a data network. Instead, communications from clientdevices may be routed between one or more base stations until thesecommunications reach a base station with such backhaul capabilities.Similar routing may occur for communications from the data network to aclient device.

One possible advantage of such arrangements is that the high cost ofdeploying base stations is reduced. Further, as noted above, oncedeployed, the base stations can be moved about in order to maintaincoverage goals.

G. UAV-Based Wireless Coverage Mapping

In combination with any of the above embodiments, or as a distinctembodiment, one or more UAVs may be used to map existing wirelesscoverage in the vicinity of a target location. For instance, a UAV orgroup of UAVs may fly in a pattern throughout such a vicinity, measuringthe extent of wireless coverage across one or more frequencies (e.g.,LTE frequencies and/or Wifi frequencies). These measurements may takethe form of signal strength readings.

The wireless coverage may include coverage from terrestrial basestations and/or fixed or mobile UAV base stations. In other embodiments,the UAV(s) may search for specific networks (e.g., wireless coverageareas with specific cellular IDs or Wifi networks with specific SSIDs).

From these measurements, the UAV(s), or some other computing device, maygenerate a heat map of the wireless coverage. For instance, the heat mapmay divide the vicinity of a target location into segments (e.g., blocksof 100 meters by 100 meters) and assign a number to each segmentrepresenting the measured signal strength in each segment. The measuredsignal strength can be, for example, an average of the signal strengthmeasurements taken in the segment. The aggregate of these measurementscan be formed into a representation of a map, indicating where wirelesscoverage is strong, adequate, weak, or non-existent. In segments withweak or non-existent wireless coverage, UAV(s) may be used to deploywireless coverage in accordance with the embodiments above.

In some embodiments, these measurements may be taken several times a dayor after wireless coverage in the area is known to change (e.g., a basestation has been added to or removed from the area).

H. UAV-Based Wireless Demand Mapping

In combination with any of the above embodiments, or as a distinctembodiment, one or more UAVs may be used to map capacity demand in thevicinity of a target location. For instance, possibly in response torequests for augmented wireless capacity or augmented non-wireless datatransfer, the UAVs serving these requests (or other UAVs) may record thelocations of these requests and/or the amount of augmented capacityrequested or used.

The UAV(s), or some other computing device, may generate a heat map ofthe demand. For instance, the heat map may divide the vicinity of atarget location into segments (e.g., blocks of 100 meters by 100 meters)and assign a number to each segment representing the relative orabsolute demand requested by client devices located in the segment. Thenumber can represent, for example, a number of capacity requests perhour, per day, etc., and/or an extent of requested capacity (e.g., inbits per second) per hour, per day, etc. The aggregate of thesemeasurements can be formed into a representation of a map, indicatingwhere demand is high, moderate, low, or non-existent. In segments withmoderate or high demand, UAV(s) may be deployed proactively to beavailable to provide wireless coverage in accordance with theembodiments above.

In particular embodiments, wireless service providers (e.g., cellular orWifi providers) may use this technique to determine where to deploy moreterrestrial base stations or other forms of additional wirelesscoverage. In some cases, the UAV system may recommend deployment of aUAV nest near high-demand locations so that UAVs can rapidly respond torequests.

In alternative or additional embodiments, four-dimensionalrepresentations of the actual network capacity and the desired networkcapacity at points of demand and/or control (e.g., target locations,base stations, routers, etc.) may be developed. The four dimensions mayinclude, for example, latitude, longitude, and altitude of a point ofdemand and/or control, and time of the request. Additional factors(which may be viewed as further dimensions) include actual capacity anddesired capacity of the point of demand and/or control at the time ofthe request. These representations may be derived from requests foraugmented capacity, and/or from mapping the existing capacity by usingcapacity testing tools. From the representations, determinationsregarding the placement of terrestrial base stations or other forms ofadditional wireless coverage may be made. Additionally, profiles of enduser and/or client device communication behavior may be developed aswell.

8. Example Server Device

FIG. 13 is a block diagram of a server device in accordance with anexample embodiment. In particular, server device 1300 shown in FIG. 13can be configured to perform one or more functions of any server devicedisclosed herein, including access system 402, central dispatch system408, or any other UAV controller device. Server device 1300 may includea user interface 1302, a communication interface 1304, processor 1306,and data storage 1308, all of which may be linked together via a systembus, network, or other connection mechanism 1314.

User interface 1302 may include user input devices such as a keyboard, akeypad, a touch screen, a computer mouse, a track ball, a joystick,and/or other similar devices, now known or later developed. Userinterface 1302 may also include user display devices, such as one ormore cathode ray tubes (CRT), liquid crystal displays (LCD), lightemitting diodes (LEDs), displays using digital light processing (DLP)technology, printers, light bulbs, and/or other similar devices, nowknown or later developed. Additionally, user interface 1302 may beconfigured to generate audible output(s), via a speaker, speaker jack,audio output port, audio output device, earphones, and/or other similardevices, now known or later developed. In some embodiments, userinterface 1302 may include software, circuitry, or another form of logicthat can transmit data to and/or receive data from external userinput/output devices.

Communication interface 1304 may include one or more wireless interfacesand/or wireline interfaces that are configurable to communicate via anetwork. The wireless interfaces, if present, may include one or morewireless transceivers, such as a BLUETOOTH® transceiver, a Wifitransceiver perhaps operating in accordance with an IEEE 802.11 standard(e.g., 802.11b, 802.11g, 802.11n), a WiMAX transceiver perhaps operatingin accordance with an IEEE 802.16 standard, an LTE transceiver perhapsoperating in accordance with a 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP)standard, and/or other types of wireless transceivers configurable tocommunicate via local-area or wide-area wireless networks. The wirelineinterfaces, if present, may include one or more wireline transceivers,such as an Ethernet transceiver, a Universal Serial Bus (USB)transceiver, or similar transceiver configurable to communicate via atwisted pair wire, a coaxial cable, a fiber-optic link or other physicalconnection to a wireline device or network.

Processor 1306 may include one or more general purpose processors (e.g.,microprocessors) and/or one or more special purpose processors (e.g.,digital signal processors (DSPs), graphical processing units (GPUs),floating point processing units (FPUs), network processors, orapplication specific integrated circuits (ASICs)). Processor 1306 may beconfigured to execute computer-readable program instructions 1310 thatare contained in data storage 1308, and/or other instructions, to carryout various operations described herein.

Thus, data storage 1308 may include one or more non-transitorycomputer-readable storage media that can be read or accessed byprocessor 1306. The one or more computer-readable storage media mayinclude volatile and/or non-volatile storage components, such asoptical, magnetic, organic or other memory or disc storage, which can beintegrated in whole or in part with processor 1306. In some embodiments,data storage 1308 may be implemented using a single physical device(e.g., one optical, magnetic, organic or other memory or disc storageunit), while in other embodiments, data storage 1308 may be implementedusing two or more physical devices. Data storage 1308 may also includeprogram data 1312 that can be used by processor 1306 to carry outoperations described herein.

9. Conclusion

The present disclosure is not to be limited in terms of the particularembodiments described in this application, which are intended asillustrations of various aspects. Many modifications and variations canbe made without departing from its scope, as will be apparent to thoseskilled in the art. Functionally equivalent methods and apparatuseswithin the scope of the disclosure, in addition to those enumeratedherein, will be apparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoingdescriptions. Such modifications and variations are intended to fallwithin the scope of the appended claims.

The above detailed description describes various features and functionsof the disclosed systems, devices, and methods with reference to theaccompanying figures. The example embodiments described herein and inthe figures are not meant to be limiting. Other embodiments can beutilized, and other changes can be made, without departing from thescope of the subject matter presented herein. It will be readilyunderstood that the aspects of the present disclosure, as generallydescribed herein, and illustrated in the figures, can be arranged,substituted, combined, separated, and designed in a wide variety ofdifferent configurations, all of which are explicitly contemplatedherein.

With respect to any or all of the message flow diagrams, scenarios, andflow charts in the figures and as discussed herein, each step, block,and/or communication can represent a processing of information and/or atransmission of information in accordance with example embodiments.Alternative embodiments are included within the scope of these exampleembodiments. In these alternative embodiments, for example, functionsdescribed as steps, blocks, transmissions, communications, requests,responses, and/or messages can be executed out of order from that shownor discussed, including substantially concurrent or in reverse order,depending on the functionality involved. Further, more or fewer blocksand/or functions can be used with any of the ladder diagrams, scenarios,and flow charts discussed herein, and these ladder diagrams, scenarios,and flow charts can be combined with one another, in part or in whole.

A step or block that represents a processing of information cancorrespond to circuitry that can be configured to perform the specificlogical functions of a herein-described method or technique.Alternatively or additionally, a step or block that represents aprocessing of information can correspond to a module, a segment, or aportion of program code (including related data). The program code caninclude one or more instructions executable by a processor forimplementing specific logical functions or actions in the method ortechnique. The program code and/or related data can be stored on anytype of computer readable medium such as a storage device including adisk, hard drive, or other storage medium.

The computer readable medium can also include non-transitory computerreadable media such as computer-readable media that store data for shortperiods of time like register memory, processor cache, and random accessmemory (RAM). The computer readable media can also includenon-transitory computer readable media that store program code and/ordata for longer periods of time. Thus, the computer readable media mayinclude secondary or persistent long term storage, like read only memory(ROM), optical or magnetic disks, compact-disc read only memory(CD-ROM), for example. The computer readable media can also be any othervolatile or non-volatile storage systems. A computer readable medium canbe considered a computer readable storage medium, for example, or atangible storage device.

Moreover, a step or block that represents one or more informationtransmissions can correspond to information transmissions betweensoftware and/or hardware modules in the same physical device. However,other information transmissions can be between software modules and/orhardware modules in different physical devices.

The particular arrangements shown in the figures should not be viewed aslimiting. It should be understood that other embodiments can includemore or less of each element shown in a given figure. Further, some ofthe illustrated elements can be combined or omitted. Yet further, anexample embodiment can include elements that are not illustrated in thefigures.

Additionally, any enumeration of elements, blocks, or steps in thisspecification or the claims is for purposes of clarity. Thus, suchenumeration should not be interpreted to require or imply that theseelements, blocks, or steps adhere to a particular arrangement or arecarried out in a particular order.

While various aspects and embodiments have been disclosed herein, otheraspects and embodiments will be apparent to those skilled in the art.The various aspects and embodiments disclosed herein are for purposes ofillustration and are not intended to be limiting, with the true scopebeing indicated by the following claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method comprising: flying, by an unmannedaerial vehicle (UAV), from a home geographical location to a targetgeographical location; defining, by a first wireless interface of theUAV, a wireless coverage area that covers at least part of the targetgeographical location; establishing, by a second wireless interface ofthe UAV, a wireless backhaul link to a data network; and providing, byway of the wireless coverage area, wireless data transfer services to aclient device in the target geographical location, wherein the wirelessdata transfer services allow the client device to exchange datacommunication with the data network via the UAV, wherein the clientdevice is also in coverage range of a cellular wireless coverage area,wherein the wireless backhaul link provides a greater rate of datacommunication between the client device and the data network than thecellular wireless coverage area, wherein, prior to providing wirelessdata transfer services to the client device in the target geographicallocation, the client device was in communication with a particularserver device, and wherein providing wireless data transfer services tothe client device in the target geographical location comprisesexchanging the data communication to and from the particular serverdevice via the UAV.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein a wireless routeris at the target geographical location, and wherein the wireless routeris providing, via a local-area wireless network, the client device withconnectivity to the data network by way of the cellular wirelesscoverage area, the method further comprising: transmitting, by the UAVand via the wireless backhaul link, a notification of the wirelesscoverage area to a server device, wherein reception of the notificationcauses the server device to transmit operational parameters of thewireless coverage area to the client device by way of the data network,the cellular wireless coverage area, and the local-area wirelessnetwork.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein flying to the targetgeographical location comprises: measuring, by the UAV, wireless signalstrengths across one or more frequencies between the home geographicallocation and the target geographical location; and dividing ageographical region in which the wireless signal strengths were measuredinto segments; assigning values to each of the segments representing thewireless signal strengths measured therein; and generating, from thesegments and the values associated with the segments, a heat map of thewireless signal strengths across the geographical region.
 4. The methodof claim 1, wherein flying to the target geographical location is inresponse to a request from the client device for augmented wirelesscoverage at the target geographical location.
 5. The method of claim 4,wherein the request from the client device for augmented wirelesscoverage at the target geographical location establishes a regular orsemi-regular schedule for UAVs to provide the augmented wirelesscoverage at future points in time.
 6. The method of claim 4, wherein therequest from the client device for augmented wireless coverage at thetarget geographical location is one of a plurality of requests from aplurality of client devices for augmented wireless coverage at aplurality of target geographical locations, the method furthercomprising: dividing a geographical region from which the requests werereceived into segments; assigning values to each of the segmentsrepresenting a respective volume of requests received therefrom; andgenerating, from the segments and the values associated with thesegments, a heat map of the requests across the geographical region. 7.The method of claim 6, further comprising: based on the heat map,determining placements for wireless base stations within thegeographical region.
 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising: afterproviding the wireless data transfer services, flying, by the UAV, to adifferent target geographical location.
 9. The method of claim 1,wherein the wireless backhaul link is between the UAV and a terrestrialbase station.
 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the UAV is a first UAV,and wherein the wireless backhaul link is between the first UAV and asecond UAV.
 11. The method of claim 1, wherein providing the wirelessdata transfer services to the client device comprises the UAVmaintaining an altitude, wherein the altitude is selected based ontradeoffs between a footprint of the wireless coverage area and a datarate the wireless data transfer services.
 12. The method of claim 11,wherein the altitude is selected based also on a remaining flight timeof the UAV or wireless transmit power consumed to provide the wirelessdata transfer services.
 13. An article of manufacture including anon-transitory computer-readable medium, having stored thereon programinstructions that, upon execution by a processor of an unmanned aerialvehicle (UAV), cause the UAV to perform operations comprising: flyingfrom a home geographical location to a target geographical location;defining, by a first wireless interface of the UAV, a wireless coveragearea that covers at least part of the target geographical location;establishing, by a second wireless interface of the UAV, a wirelessbackhaul link to a data network; and providing, by way of the wirelesscoverage area, wireless data transfer services to a client device in thetarget geographical location, wherein the wireless data transferservices allow the client device to exchange data communication with thedata network via the UAV, wherein the client device is also in coveragerange of a cellular wireless coverage area, wherein the wirelessbackhaul link provides a greater rate of data communication between theclient device and the data network than the cellular wireless coveragearea, wherein, prior to providing wireless data transfer services to theclient device in the target geographical location, the client device wasin communication with a particular server device, and wherein providingwireless data transfer services to the client device in the targetgeographical location comprises exchanging the data communication to andfrom the particular server device via the UAV.
 14. The article ofmanufacture of claim 13, wherein a wireless router is at the targetgeographical location, and wherein the wireless router is providing, viaa local-area wireless network, the client device with connectivity tothe data network by way of the cellular wireless coverage area, theoperations further comprising: transmitting, via the wireless backhaullink, a notification of the wireless coverage area to a server device,wherein reception of the notification causes the server device totransmit operational parameters of the wireless coverage area to theclient device by way of the data network, the cellular wireless coveragearea, and the local-area wireless network.
 15. The article ofmanufacture of claim 13, wherein flying to the target geographicallocation comprises: measuring, by the UAV, wireless signal strengthsacross one or more frequencies between the home geographical locationand the target geographical location; and dividing a geographical regionin which the wireless signal strengths were measured into segments;assigning values to each of the segments representing the wirelesssignal strengths measured therein; and generating, from the segments andthe values associated with the segments, a heat map of the wirelesssignal strengths across the geographical region.
 16. The article ofmanufacture of claim 13, wherein flying to the target geographicallocation is in response to a request from the client device foraugmented wireless coverage at the target geographical location.
 17. Thearticle of manufacture of claim 16, wherein the request from the clientdevice for augmented wireless coverage at the target geographicallocation is one of a plurality of requests from a plurality of clientdevices for augmented wireless coverage at a plurality of targetgeographical locations, the operations further comprising: dividing ageographical region from which the requests were received into segments;assigning values to each of the segments representing a respectivevolume of requests received therefrom; and generating, from the segmentsand the values associated with the segments, a heat map of the requestsacross the geographical region.
 18. The article of manufacture of claim17, the operations further comprising: based on the heat map,determining placements for wireless base stations within thegeographical region.
 19. A method comprising: receiving, by an unmannedaerial vehicle (UAV) controller device, a request to provide UAV-basedwireless coverage to a target geographical location; and in response tothe request, the UAV controller device causing: a UAV to fly to thetarget geographical location; a first wireless interface of the UAV todefine a wireless coverage area that covers at least part of the targetgeographical location; a second wireless interface of the UAV to definea wireless backhaul link to a data network; and the UAV to provide, byway of the wireless coverage area, wireless data transfer services to aclient device in the target geographical location, wherein the wirelessdata transfer services allow the client device to exchange datacommunication with the data network via the UAV, wherein the clientdevice is also in coverage range of a cellular wireless coverage area,wherein the wireless backhaul link provides a greater rate of datacommunication between the client device and the data network than thecellular wireless coverage area, wherein, prior to providing wirelessdata transfer services to the client device in the target geographicallocation, the client device was in communication with a particularserver device, and wherein providing wireless data transfer services tothe client device in the target geographical location comprisesexchanging the data communication to and from the particular serverdevice via the UAV.
 20. The method of claim 19, wherein a wirelessrouter is at the target geographical location, and wherein the wirelessrouter is providing, via a local-area wireless network, the clientdevice with connectivity to the data network by way of the cellularwireless coverage area, the method further comprising: transmitting, bythe UAV and via the wireless backhaul link, a notification of thewireless coverage area to a server device, wherein reception of thenotification causes the server device to transmit operational parametersof the wireless coverage area to the client device by way of the datanetwork, the cellular wireless coverage area, and the local-areawireless network.